Management Research and Consultancy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The executives Research and Consultancy - Essay Example It is self-evident, that the examples of HRM in family and non-privately-run company are unique, accordingly it ought to have been exceptional to discover the distinctions in HRM designs between various privately-owned companies, to layout the main considerations that impact these conduct and the methods of making these practices work for organizations of little and medium organizations. The work takes note of, that the terms HRM is now and again utilized in the incorrect manner, to supplant the well known term of Public Management. Be that as it may, it ought to be recollected that HRM is to some degree diverse circle of exploration, than the PM is. In this way, as the work is assembled at looking at the HRM examples of various types of little and medium ventures, less consideration is paid to privately-owned company itself, as a brilliant case of abnormal and exceptional human relations inside every endeavor. Simultaneously, the current examination is an endeavor to fulfill the dire requirement for contemplating the HRM forms in the little and medium firms; as such exploration has consistently been made for huge companies. The significance of HRM in each firm, either huge, or little, isn't contended. It is one of the key ways for the turn of events and progress of any association. 2. Assess the writing survey and the way that the analysts have utilized it to set examination questions and structure of the venture. The exploration depends on a major number of artistic works, identifying with human asset practices and privately-run company as the monetary marvel. There is no contention about the reality, that it is simpler to oversee in the littler condition, and the exploration identifies with crafted by Story and Guest (1987), which recommend, that the key ideas of any human asset the board are high adaptability, excellent, high incorporation and high duty, yet Guest's book was composed for the large organizations, and accordingly it is somewhat uncertain, regardless of whether his thoughts are relevant to the littler business; this issue needs further examination. Despite what might be expected, the Story's thoughts with respect to the significant job of correspondence and rationale are important for little privately-owned company, as the correspondence in any human relations plays one of the first, if not the primary, job. The writing, picked for the exploration, is only from time to time dedicated to HRM in little firms, as this conversation has consistently needed consideration and intrigue, however it is comprehended, that the flourishing of little firms, and fruitful HRM, as a significant piece of this success, is the principle incitement for the general monetary development. (Dundon, 2001) The writers, who have dedicated their time and books to the HRM, never truly focused on the littler and medium business, basically sketching out the need for such exploration, without going further into the subject. (Legge, 1995; Bach and Sisson, 2000; bacon, 1996; Creagh et al.,

How does society shape people’s lives? Essay

The point of this exposition is to investigate how society shapes people’s lives. The importance of the word â€Å"shaping† in this setting intends to â€Å"influence or affect† (The Open University, 2013, YO32 p 29). This paper will concentrate on Childhood: Body picture and stress related dietary issues, from Block 4, Unit 3 and Psychology: Social impact, bliss and regular and engineered satisfaction from Unit 5. Society has formed us to grasp a somewhat extraordinary self-perception to that of 100 years prior to where being thin is presently viewed as the standard (The Open University, 2013 Unit 3, 3.2). There has been a move from the plumper self-perception found in artworks going back to the nineteenth century, to the ultra thin catwalk models of today. As there has been a move in self-perception, there has additionally been a move in dietary patterns (The Open University, 2013, Unit 3, 3.2). It is currently more uncertain for families to plunk down together and eat the more customary three suppers per day, with youngsters now bound to support vitality thick cheap food abstains from food (NSHD) (n.d.). The National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) (n.d.) suggests that youngsters should take ordinary exercise and have at least 3 brief meetings of activity every week and drink at least 2 liters of water for every day. The weight society puts on youngsters to adjust to the perfect self-perception has prompted numerous youths creating pressure related dietary issues (The Open University, 2013, Unit 3, 3.4). There are three fundamental dietary issues: Anorexia Nervosa (A), Bulimia Nervosa (BN) and pigging out (The Open University, 2013, Unit 3, 3.6). Cluttered eating is a dysfunctional behavior where the patient seriously limits their calorie consumption. In spite of the fact that young ladies are essentially influenced by anorexia a critical number of young men are likewise influenced (the Open University, 2013). AN is very not quite the same as BN giving victims of BN cause to gorge and afterward cleanse to make themselves debilitated, subsequently controlling their weight (The Open University, 2013, Unit 3, 3.4). It could be contended that the media’s depiction of the perfect body shape may prompt youngsters creating dietary issues. The proof recommends the Press might be somewhat to fault, and that society is disregarding a sob for help. Cited in the Daily Telegraph (Jardine, 2013), Kate Moss said â€Å"nothing tastes comparable to thin feels† †remarks like this add fuel to the contention. Stresses over physical appearance lead to low confidence and a need to control weight, which may lead into a pattern of despondency and a further loss of certainty (NIMH) (n.d.). Dietary patterns have changed essentially in the post war period (Young’s, 2004). Young’s brings up that these adjustments in dietary patterns and the wealth of food now accessible, to a limited extent because of the pretended by stores, inexpensive food outlets and the development in global travel, could likewise be detrimentally affecting self-perception. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2004) reports 10% of kids are overweight loaning backing to the contention that self-perception in the media may impact the youthful. Dietary issues, for example, AN and BN are endeavors by youngsters to be in charge of the manner in which th ey look and are depicted by society, which may impact their satisfaction. The impact of our social jobs inside society, regardless of whether in our work or home lives, will influence our satisfaction in our individual jobs (The Open University, 2013 p47). Impacts on joy and despondency may incorporate considers, for example, being work, solid family support, a great system of companions and a feeling of having a place (The Open University, 2013 p48). Being dynamic and keeping one’s brain dynamic is likewise a significant piece of being upbeat and having however many various wellsprings of enthusiasm as would be prudent may add to this. Individuals who are less dynamic and have less contacts might be unhappier than the individuals who don’t (Layard, 2005). How one sees bliss may fluctuate with the socio-social condition in which they were raised, with individuals in Western culture being commonly more joyful (White, 2006). The impact of joy on our regular daily existences contributes significantly to the manner in which we feel about ourselves. As an animal varieties we have advanced a system by which we can make up nearly anything. Gilbert depicts a component he characterizes as a â€Å"experience simulator†, which implies we can envision a circumstance before it really occurs (The Open University, 2013 p51). Another term presented by Gilbert is â€Å"impact bias†, which extensively implies that inside 6 a year following a clearly groundbreaking event,â one will be as cheerful after the occasion as in the past. Gilbert clarifies â€Å"real bliss is the thing that we get when we get what we need, rather than engineered joy which is the thing that we get when we don’t get what we truly want† (The Open University, 2013 pp50-51). It could be contended that in the event that we assume a specific job we can combine a more noteworthy feeling of bliss. The proof proposes that whatever our job in the public eye is, we have a capacity to locate the best in each circumstance. Layard (2005) brings up that our cultural jobs have a significant impact in apparent satisfaction. Gilbert (The Open University, 2013) focuses to logical information that would appear to affirm Layard’s see that a person’s feeling of satisfaction can be affected by how we live our lives. Gilbert presents two arrangements of trial information as proof that joy can be incorporated. These arrangements of information were from just a little example size and the outcomes may not be illustrative of society, so further research ought to be attempted. One’s individual feeling of joy, regardless of whether engineered or genuine, will think about how society when all is said in done works. In the author’s conclusion, having a cheerful society must be acceptable in making a more joyful world. End Society has formed us to accept that self-perception is very significant, as we are continually besieged with a perspective on the apparent perfect. Looking great would seem to satisfy us, potentially more so during our childhood, however there are clearly numerous different variables that can add to joy. References (Every one of these references have been visited) Jardine, C. (2010) ‘Eating issue in the young’, The Telegraph, 29 September 2010 [Online]. Accessible at http://www.telegraph.co.uk/wellbeing/youngsters shealth/8030962/Eating-issue in-the-young.html (Accessed 16 May 2014). Layard, R. (2005) Happiness: Lessons from a New Science, New York, Penguin. National Institute for Mental Health (NIMH) (n.d.) [Online]. Accessible at http://www.nimh.nih.gov/wellbeing/distributions/ dietary issues/index.shtml (Accessed 14 May 2014). National Survey of Health and Development (NSHD) (n.d.) [Online]. Accessible at http://www.nshd.mrc.ac.uk/(Accessed 21 May 2014). The Open University (2013). Square 4, Unit 3, Childhood: society, food and kids. 3.6 distinctive dietary problems [Online]. Accessible at http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/Anorexia-nervosa/Pages/Introduction.aspx (got to 23 May 2014) The Open University (2013). Square 4, Unit 3, Childhood: society, food and youngsters. 3.2 smart dieting [Online]. Accessible at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=441400#downloads (got to 23 May 2014). The Open University, 2013. YO32-13J. Square 4, Unit 3 Childhood: society, food and kids. 3.2 good dieting [Online]. Accessible at https://learn2.open.ac.uk/mod/oucontent/view.php?id=441400#downloads (Accessed 30 April 2014). The Open University, 2013. â€Å"Block 4 society, Unit 5†. Brain research, society, selves and bliss, p47. Milton Keynes, The Open Unive rsity. The Open University, 2013. â€Å"Block 4 society, Unit 5†. Brain research: society, selves and joy, p48. Milton Keynes, The Open University. The Open University, 2013. YO32 People, work and society get to module. Appraisal rules, p29. Milton Keynes, The Open University. White, A. (2006) â€Å"University of Leicester delivers the principal ever world guide of happiness† [Online]. Accessible at http://www.le.ac.uk/ebulletin-document/ebulletin/news/official statements/2000-2009/2006/07/nparticle.2006-07-28.html (Accessed 24 April 2014). World Health Organization (WHO) (2004) ‘Fight youth weight to help forestall diabetes, says WHO and IDF’, WHO, 11 November 2004 [Online]. Accessible at http://www.who.int./mediacentre/news/discharges/2004/pr81/en/(Accessed 20 May 2014). Youngs, I. (2004) ‘My wartime menu’, BBC News Online, 30 June 2004 [Online]. Accessible at http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/greetings/magazine/3847041.stm (Accessed 23 April 2014).

Product Design

Product Design As the name indicates, the process of creating a new product for sale to customers is known as product design. Thought this definition tends to oversimplify, product design is actually a broad concept which encompasses a systematic generation and development of ideas that eventually leads to the creation of new products. Design experts work on concepts and ideas, eventually turning them into tangible products and inventions.The product design expert works with art, science and technology to create these products. This increasingly complex process is now supported by evolving digital tools and techniques that reduce the involvement of a large team and help visualize a product in great deal before it is created. © Shutterstock.com | Brian A JacksonIn this article, we look at the 1) product design process, 2) product design stages, 3)  product design types, 4) factors affecting  product design, 5) considerations in  product design, and 6) examples of successful  product designs.1. PRODUCT DESIGN PROCESSEvery design team may follow a different process for product design and development. One process, outlined by Koberg and Bagnell, describes how to turn design ideas into products. The process flows from problem identification to brainstorming ideas, prototype creation and eventually creating the product. This is followed up the formal manufacture of the product and a critical evaluation to identify any improvements that may be needed.This method includes three stages. The later two may need to be looked at repeatedly during the process.Analysis At the beginning of the process there needs to be extensive research involving concrete facts and figures. This data then feeds into possible solutions to the problem at hand, and the best way to achieve these solutions. Formally, two stages are involved here:Accept Situation â€" The designers commit to the project and identifying a solution. Available resources are consolidated to reach this goal most efficientlyAnalyze â€" The team now collectively begins research to collect all relevant data to help reach a solution ConceptOnce the problem and potential solutions are narrowed, the final solution is identified and conceptualized in detail. This includes working out adherence to standards and how closely the visualized solution meets identified customer needs. One basic stage here is:Define â€" Here, the team identifies the key issue or issues. Using the problem conditions as objectives and constraints as parameters within which to operate, the team narrows down the informationSynthesisAt this stage, the solutions are turned into ideas and the best ones are highlighted. These ideas of design turn into prototypes on which actual p roducts will be based. This stage can be broken down into 4 steps:Ideate â€" Different ideas and solutions are brainstormed here. The best idea bank is created when there is no bias or judgment towards ideas presentedSelect â€" The ideas brainstormed are narrowed down to a few which can give the best results. Plans for production can now be createdImplement â€" A prototype can now be created and the plan becomes a productEvaluate â€" In the final stage, the prototype should be tested and any tweaks necessary should be made. If the prototype does now perform as anticipated, further ideas may need to be brainstormed. 2. PRODUCT DESIGN STAGESWithin the broad stages mentioned in the previous section, detailed stages can be followed in a systematic manner to design successful products. These stages include:The Design BriefA statement of intent, the design brief states the problem to be addressed. It serves as a starting point from where the design team can orient themselves. By itself ho wever, it does not offer sufficient information with which to begin the actual design process.The Product Design Specification (PDS)A vitally important but often overlooked and misunderstood stage, the PDS document lists the problem in detail. Before working on producing a solution, there needs to be a deep understanding of the actual problem identified. This document should be designed after conversations with the customer and an analysis of the market and competitors. The design team should refer back to it often for correct orientation at later stages.The Concept DesignWith the PDS document as a guide, the design team will now begin to outline a solution. At this stage, the design is largely conceptual, with a framework of key components in place with details to a later stage.   The details included at this stage will depend on the type of product being designed. It is important to understand both upstream and downstream concerns relating to the product at this point. These may i nclude activities such as manufacturing, sales and production costs among other things. This early understanding of the value chain will help eliminate or reduce rework and multiple iterations.In this stage, concept generation and evaluation are both a vital consideration. Multiple concepts, each fulfilling the product requirements previously identified are identified and then evaluated to decide the best way forward.The Concept GenerationAt this point, a design team may involve a larger audience to help brainstorm the details of concepts drawn up in the previous stage. A group that includes various expertise may end up being the most successful in terms of creative ideas and solutions. It is pertinent to encourage all ideas to be voiced as this increases the chances of innovation.The Concept Evaluation With a number of potential concepts in hand, a suitable design now needs to be chosen that fulfills the product design specifications previously generated. This document should serve as a basis for final design decisions. Again, a multi skilled team should be involved here so that all angles of the chosen design can be evaluated. The concept that is closest in solving the problem identified and fulfills the most design requirements will now be developed in detail.The Detailed DesignAt this point, the final concept has been chosen and most obvious kinks have been worked out. The concept is now designed in detail with the necessary dimensions and specifications. At this stage, it may be important to produce one of more prototypes to test the product in close to real scenarios. It becomes vital for the design team to work in close cooperation with other units such as manufacturing and logistics to ensure the practical aspects of production and supply.Eliminating Design IterationsAlthough traditionally sequential, multiple iterations within these stages can be reduced by asking the following questions:Manufacturing â€" Can we make the product at our existing facili ty?Sales â€" Are we able to produce what the customer wants?Purchasing â€" Do we have required parts available or do they need to be ordered?Cost â€" What will the design cost us to make?Transport â€" is the product sized for available transportation methods? Will there be any special transportation needs?Disposal â€" How will the product be disposed of at the end of its life?3. PRODUCT DESIGN TYPESTwo basic categories encompass most product designs. These are:Demand â€" Pull InnovationDemand â€" Pull happens when a product design can directly take advantage of an opportunity in the market. A new design works towards solving an existing design issue. This happens either through a new product or a variation of an existing product.Invention â€" Push InnovationThis innovation occurs with an advancement in technology or intelligence. This is driven through research or a creative new product design.4. FACTORS AFFECTING PRODUCT DESIGNCost One major factor that affects product design is th e cost of production including material costs and labor costs. These in turn affect the pricing strategy, which needs to be in line with what the customer is prepared to pay for it.ErgonomicsThe product needs to be user friendly and afford convenience in its function. Using ergonomic measurements, minor or major changes may need to be made to product design to meet essential requirements.MaterialsWhether the requisite materials are available easily is an important consideration in product design. In addition, an eye needs to be kept on new developments in materials and technology.Customer RequirementsOne major and obvious influence on the design on the product is the customer and their requirements. It is vital to capture customer feedback on any prototype as well as during the planning and conceptual stages. Even a technologically advanced and exciting feature may need to be removed if it causes dislike or negative feelings in an end user.Company IdentityThe company’s identity is a point of pride and as a matter of course, a product’s very design or color schemes and features may be determined by this identity. The logo may need to be featured in a specific manner or subtle or overt features of the company identity may need to be built into the design.AestheticsThe product may need to appear stylish or of a certain shape. This form may end up determining the technology that it built into the product. This may in turn also affect the manufacturing process that needs to be followed.FashionThe current fashion and trends may also affect a certain product’s design. Customers will want the most updated options and this needs to be considered during product design.CultureIf a product is for a certain market with its own individual culture, this needs to be kept in mind during product design. A product acceptable in one culture may end up being offensive or not desirable in another one.FunctionsHow many problems is the product trying to solve? The number of use s and functions a product has will impact its design.EnvironmentAnother consideration to product design is its impact on the environment. The average customer these days may be more discerning and concerned about the environment than before. Things to consider here may include whether the materials used are recyclable, how the product will be disposed of at the end of its life or how the packaging can be disposed of.5. CONSIDERATION IN PRODUCT DESIGNProduct design is a complex process, since all the relevant stakeholders have different requirements from the product. An example of conflicting needs that will require attention during product design are:Economic ViabilityThe manufacturer will want the product to be created at the lowest cost possible, in order to maximize profit and ensure sales. A prohibitively expensive product will have higher price tag and may drive away customers. Often, this may mean a product redesign or a compromise on quality.Price, Appearance, and Prestige Va lueThe customer will always want a well presented product with a functional yet aesthetically appealing design. They will also want it to be priced reasonably. The appearance may not always be vital to function, but if there are multiple nearly similar products in the market, the look of the product may become the deciding factor.FunctionalityThere needs to be equal focus on the functionality of the product or how well it performs. This is a given as the product foremost needs to perform as it claims to. The end user may purchase for the external appearance. But long term satisfaction and repeat usage will only occur if the product performs at an optimal levelMaintenanceProduct designers, manufacturers and maintenance workers may all favor a modular construction for a product. The more easily different parts can be worked on individually, the more versatility the product offers. A re-design effort may only need to focus on changing certain parts rather than the whole, the manufactur er can easily tweak elements without changing entire production processes and maintenance workers may not need to disassemble everything, thereby reducing repair time and effort.6. EXAMPLES OF SUCCESSFUL PRODUCT DESIGNThe Apple iPhoneApple is consistently ranked as one of the most innovative companies in the world. Though not always successful initially, Apple has managed to create unique products with superior designs that have great appeal with end users. The Apple iPhone revolutionized the cell phone market with its innovative features, streamlined design and an entire supporting universe through the app store. Though it was not the pioneer in smart phones, Apple is extremely successful because it created a beautiful product that gives a superior user experience to a consumer.The Porsche CayenneA respected and coveted sports car maker, Porsche entered the SUV market a few years ago. The sports utility vehicle is thought to be boring and the category has broad generic definitions of utilitarian. Porsche, through the Cayenne, endeavored to bring together the rational and the emotional. Through focused product design, the company managed to build an SUV that has all the necessary features of this category of car but with the driving experience of any other Porsche car. This resulted in successful sales and made this car a breakthrough product into a new market for a premium brand.6WunderKinderLaunched by a young, innovative start-up, this company launched a cloud based, cross platform productivity application called Wunderlist in 2010. It is now one of the most popular apps of its kind and boasts millions of users. It successfully launched across five different platforms in a brief span of time. Data is seamlessly updated across multiple devices and the design is simple but effectiveWhen designing a new product or re-designing an existing, it is pertinent for the company to clearly identify what problem it is attempting to solve through this new product. It is vital to involve a multi skilled team in order to ensure a critical view of all ideas and in fact to offer a wider and more innovative pool of ideas to choose from. It is also very important to consider the customer and their requirements and desires from the very beginning of the product till the very end. It is also a good idea to not get emotionally attached to a design. This can make the team lose focus of what is to be done in order to create and successful and lasting product. Instead, a critical and analytical view of the process should be taken, with any changes that are necessary being made.With this approach and mindset, creating successful product designs will become a more systematic process and the resulting products will leave a long term impact on the consumers.Read more about the overall process of Product Development here: Product Development â€" An Overview: From Idea To Product

The Great Depression The Biggest Economic Downfall

The Great Depression is the biggest economic downfall America has ever experienced. It was a time when almost all Americans suffered, one way or another. It was a devastating period for several people and, therefore, thousands went through rough family separations, poverty, and other emotionally challenging experiences. Starting in 1929 lasting ten years, this was one of the longest economic downfalls in the history of such a modernized world, and unfortunately, the people were highly affected, as over fifteen million people became unemployed, which is a prodigious twenty-five percent of the population (Taylor, par. 7). Due to the fact that America was one of the most industrialized nations, this depression was truly unexpected. One stock market crash set America in a completely different direction, and the American dream that everyone aspired to achieve in their lifetimes suddenly vanished. Thousands of people became jobless and got thrown into the streets, not knowing what to do. A lbeit many may say that the people suffered deeply, others believed there was a silver lining. Survivors of The Great Depression mention that they have changed emotionally, physically, and have become more conscious towards helping their planet Earth. Thus, while the lack of financial security during the Great Depression was certainly emotionally stressful, for many Americans this uncertainty actually triggered significant personal character developments in many facets of their lives. DuringShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression and President Herbert Hoover783 Words   |  4 PagesTaking office the same year as the Great Depression, Americas thirty first president, Herbert Hoover greatly impacted the lives of many Americans. It has been stated that the stalk market crash was to blame for the greatest economic downturn in American; however, Ex-President Hoover made critical mistakes during the depression that he would be blamed for the rest of his life. 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Heres What I Know About Creative Persuasive Essay Topics

Here's What I Know About Creative Persuasive Essay Topics Things You Won't Like About Creative Persuasive Essay Topics and Things You Will There are various ways that may be utilized to begin your paper, but nevertheless, it should always begin with a particular hook to grab readers' interest. It's possible for you to explore unique ideas of beauty throughout different nations. Possessing a cupcake in either hands is the perfect illustration of a balanced diet. The main reason is the fact that it may cause your audience to eliminate interest in what you're saying. An excessive amount of money isn't a good thing. Remember, the proposal needs to be legitimate and you have to actually feel that what you're writing can convince your instructor. What are the variety of ways to accomplish an aim of sustainable fashion. At length, keep in mind that a huge portion of being effective in persuasion is the capability to interest your audience's emotions. The very first step is to search for something which you find compelling. Perform extensive research on the subject of your choice and make an impressive persuasive speech that individuals will remember for long. Many people wind up covering the identical tired topics they see in the media daily, just because they can't produce a better idea. Discussing something that you're familiar isn't only more fun but also a great deal simpler. All people ought to be given the right to strike. If you think that you don't have enough skills for writing your persuasive speech, you can hire expert help. Even thought you may not think you're a master at persuasion, odds are you're much better than you believe. You may trust us to supply expert assistance for many of your academic writing needs. Search for something in which you have sufficient knowledge and experience. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most significant and frequently tricky parts for many students. Usually, a structure of essay contains three major sections, in other words, introduction, body, and conclusion. It will be simpler that you compose a great persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. The custom is allowed in some states, but it's frowned upon and illegal in a lot more states. Yearly driving tests ought to be mandatory over a particular age. They should be mandatory for the first five years after getting a license. The Awful Side of Creative Persuasive Essay Topics Video topics ought to be banned. MP3 music ought to be free. Maybe you thought you learned more due to the internet format. Children shouldn't be permitted to play computer games. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. Students must be mindful about what they post on social networking. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. The founding fathers of the USA were hypocrites. More persuasive housing is required. Though some say completely free public transportation would assist the environment and cut back traffic, others think completely free public transportation is too costly, and the government can't afford to cover it. A minumum of one parent should work at home. You are a genuine expert in regards to persuasive essay topics. Research is vital to understand what catchy and fun persuasive speech topics you would like to write about. Weave in your perspective to earn your essay unique. So sometimes you are able to buy persuasive essay or essay do the job all on your own. If all things should be equal is important to get male beauty pageants that focus just on physical attraction and talent the exact same as female beauty pageants. After you identify your audience you are going to be more equipped to compose your speech. Qualities of a great persuasive essay topic The topic ought to be specific. A broader explanation of the very first essay is just require. You are able to explore unique ideas of beauty throughout the last few centuries. If you've ever taken an on-line class, you understand how different it can be from a conventional face-to-face course. There are many different persuasion procedures that were shown to be the best in an argumentative essay. Feel free to pick a topic you will delight in writing about and not just one that you believe will please your professor.

Chapter 20 †Neurofinance Free Essays

string(132) " new and growing fields, results from economics, finance, psychology, and neuroscience provide the basis for further investigation\." 20. 1 INTRODUCTION In this book we have argued that cognition and emotion are powerful influences on people’s decisions. Traders are, of course, no different. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 20 – Neurofinance or any similar topic only for you Order Now This chapter begins by considering what we know about what sets a successful trader apart from other people. We have all contemplated the oft-debated question of nature versus nurture in explaining whether a person thrives or fails. In this final chapter, we further investigate where choices come from. The evidence suggests that there are both environmental and biological foundations. The chapter begins in Section 20. with a discussion of expertise, namely, what makes a skillful trader? Cognitive skills are honed through practice and repetition, but emotion also has a significant role. Next, in Section 20. 3, we turn to the emerging field of neurofinance. Using imaging technology, researchers are contributing to our understanding of how people make decisions. In Section 20. 4, we describe some of the insights recently provided by neurofinance researchers. These researchers have found that cognition and emotion have complementary effects. Traders whose emotions appear to be in balanc e perform the best. Uncertainty and risk are experienced differently by our brains, as are gains versus losses and risk versus return. The chapter concludes in Section 20. 5 with some practical advice. 20. 2 EXPERTISE AND IMPLICIT LEARNING Consider the following situation. You are at a large concert and run into a good friend, Molly. Of course, you recognize her face immediately. Now think about this. What if, instead, you know Molly is at the concert but is seated across the venue. The friend you came to the concert with, Amy, is going to look for Molly, but the two have never met. You do your best at describing Molly to Amy. What’s the chance that Amy will be able to identify Molly among thousands of concert goers? Not too likely. Much of what we know we cannot describe in words. A face is a very complex thing, and we simply do not have enough words to explicitly describe one particular person very accurately. Language is categorical, whereas the distinguishing features of two similar faces may be fuzzy. Some cognitive scientists assert that people have knowledge that they cannot verbalize, referred to as implicit learning or tacit knowledge. Brett Steenbarger argues that traders also have information about markets that they cannot adequately describe in words. Like a human face, markets are probably more complex than the language we have to describe them. Does this mean we need a finer grid with which to describe markets? Or, does this view suggest that we need to better understand how traders make decisions? Excellence in most fields requires expertise. How do we define expertise? Usually we think in terms of relative performance so that those at the top of their game are considered to be the experts. Because of tacit knowledge, an expert chess player or pro football player often knows instinctively what the best move is, perhaps without any cognitive evaluation whatsoever. Recall in our discussion of the foundations of emotion in Chapter 7 that psychologists believe that emotions can develop completely independently from cognition. In other words, you can feel fear without first cognitively recognizing what is making you fearful. While observing a market, a trader may instinctively know the move he wants to make. Steenbarger notes that in many instances traders will make similar buy or sell decisions and then, ex post, provide very different descriptions of the information that led to the decision. The traders saw the same information, acted the same way, but understood their behavior quite differently. Perhaps a trader makes a decision based on instinct with no preceding cognitive evaluation. Afterward, the trader generates an explanation that is cognitively consistent with his expectations. Steenbarger argues that â€Å"the successful trader feels the market but does not become lost in those feelings. Studies of expert athletic performers have reached similar conclusions. For example, one study argues that â€Å"emotions, and the capability to regulate them effectively, arguably account for a large portion of the variance in athletic performance. † In the trading domain, an expert trader often has a gut feeling about a particular situation but remains in control by taking careful, d eliberate action. Does this mean that trading expertise is innate and cannot be learned? Reading the information in a market could be like understanding a social interaction. Some people are just better at it than others. While some level of innate ability is probably requisite, the evidence suggests that expertise is finely honed. Not too many of us would believe that a professional quarterback spent his teen and early adult years watching football on television while sitting on the couch eating chips. Knowing the rules of a game does not make you good at the game. Practice and repetition are common ingredients across successful experts. For example, accomplished violinists spend, on average, 10,000 hours practicing. Successful traders also devote a lot of time to practice. This practice gives them the ability to connect what they know about a market to the action they should take. Through implicit learning they are able to make better and more efficient decisions. A day trader who spends hours, or even minutes, evaluating a current market circumstance before making a trading decision will certainly find it difficult to succeed. 20. 3 NEUROFINANCE While we know that practice is necessary to hone any skill, unlocking the mysteries of the brain is an important key to understanding how to promote the development of expertise in any realm, including investing. Are evolutionary theorists correct in their contention that our basic emotions have evolved to promote the survival of the species as we discussed in Chapter 7? Do expert performers have innate characteristics, or can anyone develop expertise in trading? Neurofinance and neuroeconomics use neurotechnology to examine how the brain behaves while a person is making financial and economic decisions. In these new and growing fields, results from economics, finance, psychology, and neuroscience provide the basis for further investigation. You read "Chapter 20 – Neurofinance" in category "Papers" Neuroscience uses brain imaging, as we described in Chapter 7, to understand brain activity and how the brain works. With this technology, scientists can actually measure emotional response. The potential of the technology has not gone unnoticed by practitioners. In fact, Jason Zweig, senior writer for Money magazine and guest columnist for Time magazine and cnn. com writes: I’ve been a financial journalist since 1987, and nothing I’ve ever learned about investing has excited me more than the spectacular findings emerging form the study of â€Å"neuroeconomics. Thanks to this newborn field †¦ we can begin to understand what drives investing behavior not only on the theoretical or practical level, but as a basic biological function. These flashes of fundamental insight will enable you to see as never before what makes you tick as an investor. Investors who better understand â€Å"what makes them tick† will be better prepared to make good investment decisions . It is important to understand that neuroscience is not simply interested in mapping out parts of the brain. Instead, by looking at how the brain reacts during various activities, scientists can understand how the brain functions and solves problems. We will better understand the mix of cognitive processing and emotional responses. Which responses are controlled and which are automatic responses? These insights will allow economic theorists to improve models of decision-making, as well as investor education efforts. Recall from our earlier discussion of the brain that automatic and controlled responses are associated with different parts of the brain. Automatic responses often stimulate the amygdala, whereas controlled responses activate the forebrain (or prefrontal cortex). Using imaging technology, scientists can observe the areas of the brain that are activated during a task. In Chapter 7 we also talked about Damasio’s studies of the behavior of brain-damaged patients. The patients were emotionally flat due to frontal brain lobe damage, and Damasio concluded that decision-making and emotion are intertwined. Though studies of braindamaged patients can be informative, brain imaging technology allows more control so that research can be conducted with greater precision. Neuroscientists are making great progress on brain function, and, as a result, researchers are proposing new models and theories that better incorporate aspects of psychology, including emotion. 0. 4 INSIGHTS FROM NEUROFINANCE Neuroscientists have investigated a variety of questions related to financial decision-making. Several studies have lent insight into the forces of emotion on trading by studying the physiological characteristics of professional securities traders while they were actively engaged in live trading. In one study significant correlations between market movements and physiological characteristics such as skin conductance and cardiovascular data were reported. Differences were also detected across traders, perhaps related to trading experience. Another study looked at whether emotion was found to be an important determinant of a trader’s ability to succeed in financial markets. It was found that those whose reaction to gains and losses was most intense had the worst trading performance, suggesting the obvious need for balanced emotions. Brain imaging has been used as experimental participants have made risky choices. This research indicates that how gains and losses are both anticipated and realized is likely to differ inasmuch as different regions of the brain are activated. When gains are anticipated, a subcortical region known as the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) becomes active. This region is rich in dopamine, a substance that has been associated with both the positive affect of monetary rewards and addictive drug use. The fact that this region is only active during anticipated gains (but not losses) lends plausibility to the differential experiencing of gains and losses in prospect theory. Other brain imaging research indicates that what might lie behind ambiguity aversion is the fact that risk and uncertainty are experienced in different ways. Recall in Chapter 1 where we discussed the distinction between risk and uncertainty. With a risky choice, the person can assess the probability of the outcomes, but under uncertainty the probabilities are unknown. The distinction is important here because the brain may evaluate a choice in a risky situation differently from a choice when one faces uncertainty. Research indicates that when facing uncertainty the most active regions were the orbitofrontal cortex (a region integrating emotion and cognition) and the amygdala (a region central to emotional reaction). In contrast, when facing risk, the brain areas that responded during their task were typically in the parietal lobes so that the researchers concluded that choices in this setting were driven by cognitive factors. In sum, uncertainty appears to be more strongly associated with an emotional response, while risk leads to a cognitive reaction. It has been suggested that when times becomes more uncertain (for example in 2008, as was described in Chapter 14), the inability of investors to properly assess the distribution of future returns leads to their moving from rational deliberation to a primarily emotional response. The result could be widespread unwillingness to hold risky assets in turbulent markets, a tendency that can only exacerbate market declines. A neural test of myopic loss aversion has also been conducted. A group of patients with brain lesions on areas known to be associated with the processing of emotions were compared to a control group. The former group was significantly more likely to take on risk than the control group. Further, the lesion group exhibited greater consistency in their levels of risk aversion. In other words, those with a reduced capacity for fearful responses behaved in a manner more in line with expected utility theory. Another study focused on how decision-makers’ brains reacted to varying levels of risk, rather than on learning or expected values. Using a gambling game, expected values and risk were varied while participants’ brain activation was monitored. As is typical in finance, rewards were measured using expected payoffs and risk using the variance of payoffs. Interestingly, the researchers report that brain activation varied in both time and location for reward and risk. Brain activation in response to rewards was immediate, whereas brain activation in response to risk was delayed. Time and location of activation is important because if we can separate the effects of risk and reward in the brain, researchers can further investigate how changes in risk perception affect decision-making. For example, they could examine how misperception of risk and cognitive difficulties contribute to less-than-optimal behavior. 20. 5 EXPERTISE AND EMOTION Research indicates that understanding neural responses will help us to gain insight into some of the puzzles we have talked about in this book. In addition, there are important implications for trader education. We are all familiar with the old adage that â€Å"practice makes perfect. † In order to gain expertise, it is important to know the rules of the game, so reading up on investing is not a bad idea. But, at the same time, much practice through many simulations under divergent market conditions will promote better decision-making while trading. But, does it pay to become an expert? While we know that many long hours of studying and practice are required, is this effort sufficiently rewarded? There is evidence that this question can be answered in the affirmative for financial practitioners. One researcher constructed a â€Å"differential reward index† as the income for a specified percentile divided by the median income for each occupation. This measure allows us to differentiate high average income from high income for those whose expertise is greatest in a particular profession. For financial and business advisors, including stock brokers, earnings are related closely to achievement. At the 90th percentile the differential reward index was 3. 5, indicating that the top 10% earned 3. 5 times more than the median income level. In fact, this was the largest observed value for the differential reward index across all occupations studied! Thus the evidence suggests that the benefit of becoming a skilled financial advisor may far exceed the cost. So how can one become an expert? Researchers have concluded that tacit knowledge is an important predictor of success in business as measured by salary, rank, and the level of one’s company (e. g. , whether it is among the top 500 in the Fortune rankings). Practical knowledge, or the ability to gain tacit knowledge and turn it into a good strategy, is a function of a person’s environment and ability. Thus, with a certain level of competence, hard work can be translated into success. A successful trader, nonetheless, should always remember that emotion is critical to the outcome. We have argued throughout this book that emotion can enhance decision-making. Previously cited evidence suggested, however, that traders are advised to be wary of intense emotional reactions. Another recent study used neuroimaging to examine how decision-makers’ brains responded while playing the ultimatum game described in Chapter 11. When unfair offers were rejected by the responders, the investigators reported significant increases in brain activity in the anterior insula, a brain area associated with emotion. Recall that even offers that are viewed as unfair should be accepted by a responder who cares only about increasing her earnings. Thus, traders are advised to exert their cognitive skills when experiencing a strong emotional reaction in order to overcome the tendency to react emotionally, just as a responder in the ultimatum game who is aware of his emotional response is well advised to accept an offer even if it seems unfair. Emotional responses and cognitive evaluations of risk can be quite different. Think about how many people perceive the risks of automobile and airplane accidents. Though riding in an automobile has been shown to be the less safe alternative, often an emotional response plays the dominant role, which may keep some people off airplanes. CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS 1. Expertise is defined in terms of relative performance so that those at the top of their game are considered to be the experts. 2. Implicit learning reflects knowledge that cannot be described using language. 3. Experts have developed implicit knowledge that enhances performance in their particular domain. 4. Neurofinance uses brain imaging technology and results from economics, finance, and psychology to better understand how the brain works. 5. Physiological differences exist across professional traders, and emotion is an important determinant of a trader’s ability. 6. Measured brain responses to changes in risk and reward vary in both location and time of activation. 7. Practice is necessary to excel in trading, and good traders may make decisions based on gut feelings, while at the same time ensuring that they control their emotional responses. How to cite Chapter 20 – Neurofinance, Papers

Synopsis for Grievance Handling Essay Example

Synopsis for Grievance Handling Essay The aim of the study is to find whether the grievance handling mechanism ensures that employee’s problems are recognized and appropriately reviewed in a prompt and timely manner. 2. The grievance mechanism acts as a foundation for a harmonious and healthy relationship between employee and employer. 3. The grievance mechanism ensures a fair and just treatment of employee’s concerns and prompt resolution of grievances without discrimination, coercion, restraint or reprisal against any employee who may submit or be involved in a grievance.Benefits of having Grievance procedure: ? The grievance procedure provides a means for identifying practices, procedures, and administrative policies that are causing employee complaints so that changes can be considered. ? They reduce costly employment suits. ? A grievance procedure allows managers to establish a uniform labor policy. ? A grievance system can be a reliable mechanism to learn of, and resolve employee dissatisfaction. It c an produce early settlements to disputes or provide for correction of contested employment issues.OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY PRIMARY OBJECTIVE To study the effectiveness of grievance handling mechanism. SECONDARY OBJECTIVE 1. To identify whether the employees are aware of the grievance handling mechanism. 2. To identify whether the grievance handling system leads to a favorable attitude towards the management 3. To identify that the grievance handling system leads to a mutual understanding between workers and the management 4. To know the level of satisfaction towards the grievance handling procedure of the organization . To identify the factors influencing the effectiveness of the grievance handling in the organization Research design The research design followed for this research study is descriptive research design where we find a solution to an existing problem. The problem of this study is to find the effectiveness of Grievance Handling at ITC Limited, Saharanpur. Sample Design Sa mple Element: Employees at ITC Limited, Saharanpur. Sample Size: 50 samples Sample Test: Percentage Method CorrelationSample Media : Questionnaire Sampling Method: Simple Random Sampling Scope for the study †¢ The project will throw light on need for Grievance handling mechanism at ITC Limited, Saharanpur and this study will help the management to understand whether there is need to improve the grievance handling process in the organization. †¢ This study will be useful when similar kind of research is undertaken. Limitations of the study †¢ The sample size is restricted to 50. †¢ Personal interview of the employees is not allowed.