The Great Depression The Biggest Economic Downfall

The Great Depression is the biggest economic downfall America has ever experienced. It was a time when almost all Americans suffered, one way or another. It was a devastating period for several people and, therefore, thousands went through rough family separations, poverty, and other emotionally challenging experiences. Starting in 1929 lasting ten years, this was one of the longest economic downfalls in the history of such a modernized world, and unfortunately, the people were highly affected, as over fifteen million people became unemployed, which is a prodigious twenty-five percent of the population (Taylor, par. 7). Due to the fact that America was one of the most industrialized nations, this depression was truly unexpected. One stock market crash set America in a completely different direction, and the American dream that everyone aspired to achieve in their lifetimes suddenly vanished. Thousands of people became jobless and got thrown into the streets, not knowing what to do. A lbeit many may say that the people suffered deeply, others believed there was a silver lining. Survivors of The Great Depression mention that they have changed emotionally, physically, and have become more conscious towards helping their planet Earth. Thus, while the lack of financial security during the Great Depression was certainly emotionally stressful, for many Americans this uncertainty actually triggered significant personal character developments in many facets of their lives. DuringShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression and President Herbert Hoover783 Words   |  4 PagesTaking office the same year as the Great Depression, Americas thirty first president, Herbert Hoover greatly impacted the lives of many Americans. It has been stated that the stalk market crash was to blame for the greatest economic downturn in American; however, Ex-President Hoover made critical mistakes during the depression that he would be blamed for the rest of his life. The Great Depression began i n 1929, 7 months after the Ex-President’s election. (Insert cite) Instead of â€Å"using the powerRead MoreEssay on Treaty of Versailles Role in Hitlers Rise to Power879 Words   |  4 Pageswas the cause of Germanys downfall. Hitler felt very strongly about the Treaty of Versailles and thought the terms were unfair towards Germany. Many German people also despised the treaty, and wanted something done about it. Hitler was there to turn to. He wanted to abolish the treaty and all of it terms. Consequently the Treaty of Versailles helped to cause the Economic depression, in Germany. Meaning that the treaty and the economic depression were both linked togetherRead MoreThe Worst Economic Depression Ever Felt Theu.s. Essay1249 Words   |  5 PagesThe worst economic depression ever felt in U.S. history was not only felt in north America, but this also became a worldwide economic slump. The Great Depression caused by many factors raised a question of how will the we take a step into recovery. The Election of president Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1932 was the beginning of the shaping of the U.S. government interaction with American citizens. Roosevelts campaign helped him win the election of 1932 with his laudable ideas of how to combat the effectsRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt And The Great Depression1337 Words   |  6 Pages1930’s is known as the Great Depression. Throughout this period, millions of citizens placed their hope and security in the election of Franklin D. Roosevelt as president. Amidst Franklin’s term, he was able to enhance the nation’s hopes and morale with the invention of the New Dea l. The New Deal was able to reconstruct America’s economy and instill new programs and policies for the American people, but it lacked the potential to put a forceful end to the Great Depression, due to staggering unemploymentRead MoreThe Birth, Life, And Resurrection Of Swing1673 Words   |  7 Pagesevents of the century for the United States, the Great Depression from 1929-1939, and World War II from 1939-1945. While Swing music is known for having its happy up beat rhythms, and light moods, it cannot be said that the music does not encompass the heaviness of the social, political, and economic undercurrents of its time. The term â€Å"Swing† was originally coined not for the dance, but for the music. Swing music was born during the Great Depression, while many bands had been experimenting duringRead MoreThe New Deal : A Nation Of Recovery856 Words   |  4 PagesMaddy Ball America The 20th Block 3 Mr. Perreault 21 October 2014 The New Deal: A Nation In Recovery The 1930’s, potentially America’s darkest years, were a time of great suffering. Otherwise known as the Great Depression, these grim years struck the country with high unemployment, hunger, and poverty, leaving Americans eager for change. This change came in 1933 when Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected into office. Roosevelt entered the White House with a yearning for the country’s trust and supportRead MoreThe Events Of The Summer Olympics And Michael Phelps Winning 8 Gold Medals1698 Words   |  7 Pagesthe first black president to be elected before going on and being elected for a second term. Out of all of these great events in American history in the year of 2008 the most remember event in this year is the financial turmoil that was caused by the crash of the stock market and caused the second biggest recession in United States history. A recession is a â€Å"period of temporary economic decline during which trade and industrial activity are reduced, gener ally identified by a fall in GDP in two successiveRead MoreCulture during the 20s-40s: Great Gatsby1365 Words   |  6 PagesHistory has shown that music, dance and fashion have a great affect on society and culture. Iconic artists and performers, and particular events during these decades influenced many rebellious outbreaks going against societal norms. The â€Å"Roaring 20s† (1920-30), had a major impact on adolescent behavior in America, starting in New Orleans, moving into Chicago and later, New York City. Throughout the 1930s-1940s a new adolescent culture emerged, influenced by early upheavals during the 1920s. TheRead MoreThe Biggest Threat to the Weimar Republic Was the Weimar Constitution Itself. Discuss2215 Words   |  9 Pagesâ€Å"The biggest threat to the Weimar Republic was the Weimar Constitution itself. Discuss† The Weimar Constitution was the biggest threat to the Weimar Republic, because it eventually lead to many problems that would affect the Republic. These were: Hitler’s rise to power against the Weimar Republic, the downfall of the Reichsrat, the passage of the Enabling Act, use of proportional representation, political extremism and the institution of the Reichsprà ¤sident. Hitler’s Chancellorship eventually ledRead More Germany and its Economy Essays980 Words   |  4 Pagesthe third largest economy in the world and the biggest market in Europe. It wasnt always this way though; European power struggles wounded the country in two devastating World Wars in the first half of the 20th century and left the country dominated by the victorious Allied powers of the US, UK, France, and the Soviet Union in 1945. Germany has been through all of the phases of the business cycle many times. It even suffered immense depression after World War One in the early 20th century

Heres What I Know About Creative Persuasive Essay Topics

Here's What I Know About Creative Persuasive Essay Topics Things You Won't Like About Creative Persuasive Essay Topics and Things You Will There are various ways that may be utilized to begin your paper, but nevertheless, it should always begin with a particular hook to grab readers' interest. It's possible for you to explore unique ideas of beauty throughout different nations. Possessing a cupcake in either hands is the perfect illustration of a balanced diet. The main reason is the fact that it may cause your audience to eliminate interest in what you're saying. An excessive amount of money isn't a good thing. Remember, the proposal needs to be legitimate and you have to actually feel that what you're writing can convince your instructor. What are the variety of ways to accomplish an aim of sustainable fashion. At length, keep in mind that a huge portion of being effective in persuasion is the capability to interest your audience's emotions. The very first step is to search for something which you find compelling. Perform extensive research on the subject of your choice and make an impressive persuasive speech that individuals will remember for long. Many people wind up covering the identical tired topics they see in the media daily, just because they can't produce a better idea. Discussing something that you're familiar isn't only more fun but also a great deal simpler. All people ought to be given the right to strike. If you think that you don't have enough skills for writing your persuasive speech, you can hire expert help. Even thought you may not think you're a master at persuasion, odds are you're much better than you believe. You may trust us to supply expert assistance for many of your academic writing needs. Search for something in which you have sufficient knowledge and experience. An argumentative essay is a certain sort of academic writing. Selecting an excellent topic for your essay is among the most significant and frequently tricky parts for many students. Usually, a structure of essay contains three major sections, in other words, introduction, body, and conclusion. It will be simpler that you compose a great persuasive essay if it's a subject in which you have knowledge. The custom is allowed in some states, but it's frowned upon and illegal in a lot more states. Yearly driving tests ought to be mandatory over a particular age. They should be mandatory for the first five years after getting a license. The Awful Side of Creative Persuasive Essay Topics Video topics ought to be banned. MP3 music ought to be free. Maybe you thought you learned more due to the internet format. Children shouldn't be permitted to play computer games. Parents should speak to kids about drugs at a youthful age. Students must be mindful about what they post on social networking. They lead busy lives and often forget about an upcoming deadline. The founding fathers of the USA were hypocrites. More persuasive housing is required. Though some say completely free public transportation would assist the environment and cut back traffic, others think completely free public transportation is too costly, and the government can't afford to cover it. A minumum of one parent should work at home. You are a genuine expert in regards to persuasive essay topics. Research is vital to understand what catchy and fun persuasive speech topics you would like to write about. Weave in your perspective to earn your essay unique. So sometimes you are able to buy persuasive essay or essay do the job all on your own. If all things should be equal is important to get male beauty pageants that focus just on physical attraction and talent the exact same as female beauty pageants. After you identify your audience you are going to be more equipped to compose your speech. Qualities of a great persuasive essay topic The topic ought to be specific. A broader explanation of the very first essay is just require. You are able to explore unique ideas of beauty throughout the last few centuries. If you've ever taken an on-line class, you understand how different it can be from a conventional face-to-face course. There are many different persuasion procedures that were shown to be the best in an argumentative essay. Feel free to pick a topic you will delight in writing about and not just one that you believe will please your professor.

Chapter 20 †Neurofinance Free Essays

string(132) " new and growing fields, results from economics, finance, psychology, and neuroscience provide the basis for further investigation\." 20. 1 INTRODUCTION In this book we have argued that cognition and emotion are powerful influences on people’s decisions. Traders are, of course, no different. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 20 – Neurofinance or any similar topic only for you Order Now This chapter begins by considering what we know about what sets a successful trader apart from other people. We have all contemplated the oft-debated question of nature versus nurture in explaining whether a person thrives or fails. In this final chapter, we further investigate where choices come from. The evidence suggests that there are both environmental and biological foundations. The chapter begins in Section 20. with a discussion of expertise, namely, what makes a skillful trader? Cognitive skills are honed through practice and repetition, but emotion also has a significant role. Next, in Section 20. 3, we turn to the emerging field of neurofinance. Using imaging technology, researchers are contributing to our understanding of how people make decisions. In Section 20. 4, we describe some of the insights recently provided by neurofinance researchers. These researchers have found that cognition and emotion have complementary effects. Traders whose emotions appear to be in balanc e perform the best. Uncertainty and risk are experienced differently by our brains, as are gains versus losses and risk versus return. The chapter concludes in Section 20. 5 with some practical advice. 20. 2 EXPERTISE AND IMPLICIT LEARNING Consider the following situation. You are at a large concert and run into a good friend, Molly. Of course, you recognize her face immediately. Now think about this. What if, instead, you know Molly is at the concert but is seated across the venue. The friend you came to the concert with, Amy, is going to look for Molly, but the two have never met. You do your best at describing Molly to Amy. What’s the chance that Amy will be able to identify Molly among thousands of concert goers? Not too likely. Much of what we know we cannot describe in words. A face is a very complex thing, and we simply do not have enough words to explicitly describe one particular person very accurately. Language is categorical, whereas the distinguishing features of two similar faces may be fuzzy. Some cognitive scientists assert that people have knowledge that they cannot verbalize, referred to as implicit learning or tacit knowledge. Brett Steenbarger argues that traders also have information about markets that they cannot adequately describe in words. Like a human face, markets are probably more complex than the language we have to describe them. Does this mean we need a finer grid with which to describe markets? Or, does this view suggest that we need to better understand how traders make decisions? Excellence in most fields requires expertise. How do we define expertise? Usually we think in terms of relative performance so that those at the top of their game are considered to be the experts. Because of tacit knowledge, an expert chess player or pro football player often knows instinctively what the best move is, perhaps without any cognitive evaluation whatsoever. Recall in our discussion of the foundations of emotion in Chapter 7 that psychologists believe that emotions can develop completely independently from cognition. In other words, you can feel fear without first cognitively recognizing what is making you fearful. While observing a market, a trader may instinctively know the move he wants to make. Steenbarger notes that in many instances traders will make similar buy or sell decisions and then, ex post, provide very different descriptions of the information that led to the decision. The traders saw the same information, acted the same way, but understood their behavior quite differently. Perhaps a trader makes a decision based on instinct with no preceding cognitive evaluation. Afterward, the trader generates an explanation that is cognitively consistent with his expectations. Steenbarger argues that â€Å"the successful trader feels the market but does not become lost in those feelings. Studies of expert athletic performers have reached similar conclusions. For example, one study argues that â€Å"emotions, and the capability to regulate them effectively, arguably account for a large portion of the variance in athletic performance. † In the trading domain, an expert trader often has a gut feeling about a particular situation but remains in control by taking careful, d eliberate action. Does this mean that trading expertise is innate and cannot be learned? Reading the information in a market could be like understanding a social interaction. Some people are just better at it than others. While some level of innate ability is probably requisite, the evidence suggests that expertise is finely honed. Not too many of us would believe that a professional quarterback spent his teen and early adult years watching football on television while sitting on the couch eating chips. Knowing the rules of a game does not make you good at the game. Practice and repetition are common ingredients across successful experts. For example, accomplished violinists spend, on average, 10,000 hours practicing. Successful traders also devote a lot of time to practice. This practice gives them the ability to connect what they know about a market to the action they should take. Through implicit learning they are able to make better and more efficient decisions. A day trader who spends hours, or even minutes, evaluating a current market circumstance before making a trading decision will certainly find it difficult to succeed. 20. 3 NEUROFINANCE While we know that practice is necessary to hone any skill, unlocking the mysteries of the brain is an important key to understanding how to promote the development of expertise in any realm, including investing. Are evolutionary theorists correct in their contention that our basic emotions have evolved to promote the survival of the species as we discussed in Chapter 7? Do expert performers have innate characteristics, or can anyone develop expertise in trading? Neurofinance and neuroeconomics use neurotechnology to examine how the brain behaves while a person is making financial and economic decisions. In these new and growing fields, results from economics, finance, psychology, and neuroscience provide the basis for further investigation. You read "Chapter 20 – Neurofinance" in category "Papers" Neuroscience uses brain imaging, as we described in Chapter 7, to understand brain activity and how the brain works. With this technology, scientists can actually measure emotional response. The potential of the technology has not gone unnoticed by practitioners. In fact, Jason Zweig, senior writer for Money magazine and guest columnist for Time magazine and cnn. com writes: I’ve been a financial journalist since 1987, and nothing I’ve ever learned about investing has excited me more than the spectacular findings emerging form the study of â€Å"neuroeconomics. Thanks to this newborn field †¦ we can begin to understand what drives investing behavior not only on the theoretical or practical level, but as a basic biological function. These flashes of fundamental insight will enable you to see as never before what makes you tick as an investor. Investors who better understand â€Å"what makes them tick† will be better prepared to make good investment decisions . It is important to understand that neuroscience is not simply interested in mapping out parts of the brain. Instead, by looking at how the brain reacts during various activities, scientists can understand how the brain functions and solves problems. We will better understand the mix of cognitive processing and emotional responses. Which responses are controlled and which are automatic responses? These insights will allow economic theorists to improve models of decision-making, as well as investor education efforts. Recall from our earlier discussion of the brain that automatic and controlled responses are associated with different parts of the brain. Automatic responses often stimulate the amygdala, whereas controlled responses activate the forebrain (or prefrontal cortex). Using imaging technology, scientists can observe the areas of the brain that are activated during a task. In Chapter 7 we also talked about Damasio’s studies of the behavior of brain-damaged patients. The patients were emotionally flat due to frontal brain lobe damage, and Damasio concluded that decision-making and emotion are intertwined. Though studies of braindamaged patients can be informative, brain imaging technology allows more control so that research can be conducted with greater precision. Neuroscientists are making great progress on brain function, and, as a result, researchers are proposing new models and theories that better incorporate aspects of psychology, including emotion. 0. 4 INSIGHTS FROM NEUROFINANCE Neuroscientists have investigated a variety of questions related to financial decision-making. Several studies have lent insight into the forces of emotion on trading by studying the physiological characteristics of professional securities traders while they were actively engaged in live trading. In one study significant correlations between market movements and physiological characteristics such as skin conductance and cardiovascular data were reported. Differences were also detected across traders, perhaps related to trading experience. Another study looked at whether emotion was found to be an important determinant of a trader’s ability to succeed in financial markets. It was found that those whose reaction to gains and losses was most intense had the worst trading performance, suggesting the obvious need for balanced emotions. Brain imaging has been used as experimental participants have made risky choices. This research indicates that how gains and losses are both anticipated and realized is likely to differ inasmuch as different regions of the brain are activated. When gains are anticipated, a subcortical region known as the nucleus accumbens (NAcc) becomes active. This region is rich in dopamine, a substance that has been associated with both the positive affect of monetary rewards and addictive drug use. The fact that this region is only active during anticipated gains (but not losses) lends plausibility to the differential experiencing of gains and losses in prospect theory. Other brain imaging research indicates that what might lie behind ambiguity aversion is the fact that risk and uncertainty are experienced in different ways. Recall in Chapter 1 where we discussed the distinction between risk and uncertainty. With a risky choice, the person can assess the probability of the outcomes, but under uncertainty the probabilities are unknown. The distinction is important here because the brain may evaluate a choice in a risky situation differently from a choice when one faces uncertainty. Research indicates that when facing uncertainty the most active regions were the orbitofrontal cortex (a region integrating emotion and cognition) and the amygdala (a region central to emotional reaction). In contrast, when facing risk, the brain areas that responded during their task were typically in the parietal lobes so that the researchers concluded that choices in this setting were driven by cognitive factors. In sum, uncertainty appears to be more strongly associated with an emotional response, while risk leads to a cognitive reaction. It has been suggested that when times becomes more uncertain (for example in 2008, as was described in Chapter 14), the inability of investors to properly assess the distribution of future returns leads to their moving from rational deliberation to a primarily emotional response. The result could be widespread unwillingness to hold risky assets in turbulent markets, a tendency that can only exacerbate market declines. A neural test of myopic loss aversion has also been conducted. A group of patients with brain lesions on areas known to be associated with the processing of emotions were compared to a control group. The former group was significantly more likely to take on risk than the control group. Further, the lesion group exhibited greater consistency in their levels of risk aversion. In other words, those with a reduced capacity for fearful responses behaved in a manner more in line with expected utility theory. Another study focused on how decision-makers’ brains reacted to varying levels of risk, rather than on learning or expected values. Using a gambling game, expected values and risk were varied while participants’ brain activation was monitored. As is typical in finance, rewards were measured using expected payoffs and risk using the variance of payoffs. Interestingly, the researchers report that brain activation varied in both time and location for reward and risk. Brain activation in response to rewards was immediate, whereas brain activation in response to risk was delayed. Time and location of activation is important because if we can separate the effects of risk and reward in the brain, researchers can further investigate how changes in risk perception affect decision-making. For example, they could examine how misperception of risk and cognitive difficulties contribute to less-than-optimal behavior. 20. 5 EXPERTISE AND EMOTION Research indicates that understanding neural responses will help us to gain insight into some of the puzzles we have talked about in this book. In addition, there are important implications for trader education. We are all familiar with the old adage that â€Å"practice makes perfect. † In order to gain expertise, it is important to know the rules of the game, so reading up on investing is not a bad idea. But, at the same time, much practice through many simulations under divergent market conditions will promote better decision-making while trading. But, does it pay to become an expert? While we know that many long hours of studying and practice are required, is this effort sufficiently rewarded? There is evidence that this question can be answered in the affirmative for financial practitioners. One researcher constructed a â€Å"differential reward index† as the income for a specified percentile divided by the median income for each occupation. This measure allows us to differentiate high average income from high income for those whose expertise is greatest in a particular profession. For financial and business advisors, including stock brokers, earnings are related closely to achievement. At the 90th percentile the differential reward index was 3. 5, indicating that the top 10% earned 3. 5 times more than the median income level. In fact, this was the largest observed value for the differential reward index across all occupations studied! Thus the evidence suggests that the benefit of becoming a skilled financial advisor may far exceed the cost. So how can one become an expert? Researchers have concluded that tacit knowledge is an important predictor of success in business as measured by salary, rank, and the level of one’s company (e. g. , whether it is among the top 500 in the Fortune rankings). Practical knowledge, or the ability to gain tacit knowledge and turn it into a good strategy, is a function of a person’s environment and ability. Thus, with a certain level of competence, hard work can be translated into success. A successful trader, nonetheless, should always remember that emotion is critical to the outcome. We have argued throughout this book that emotion can enhance decision-making. Previously cited evidence suggested, however, that traders are advised to be wary of intense emotional reactions. Another recent study used neuroimaging to examine how decision-makers’ brains responded while playing the ultimatum game described in Chapter 11. When unfair offers were rejected by the responders, the investigators reported significant increases in brain activity in the anterior insula, a brain area associated with emotion. Recall that even offers that are viewed as unfair should be accepted by a responder who cares only about increasing her earnings. Thus, traders are advised to exert their cognitive skills when experiencing a strong emotional reaction in order to overcome the tendency to react emotionally, just as a responder in the ultimatum game who is aware of his emotional response is well advised to accept an offer even if it seems unfair. Emotional responses and cognitive evaluations of risk can be quite different. Think about how many people perceive the risks of automobile and airplane accidents. Though riding in an automobile has been shown to be the less safe alternative, often an emotional response plays the dominant role, which may keep some people off airplanes. CHAPTER HIGHLIGHTS 1. Expertise is defined in terms of relative performance so that those at the top of their game are considered to be the experts. 2. Implicit learning reflects knowledge that cannot be described using language. 3. Experts have developed implicit knowledge that enhances performance in their particular domain. 4. Neurofinance uses brain imaging technology and results from economics, finance, and psychology to better understand how the brain works. 5. Physiological differences exist across professional traders, and emotion is an important determinant of a trader’s ability. 6. Measured brain responses to changes in risk and reward vary in both location and time of activation. 7. Practice is necessary to excel in trading, and good traders may make decisions based on gut feelings, while at the same time ensuring that they control their emotional responses. How to cite Chapter 20 – Neurofinance, Papers