The Second Treatise On Civil Government And State Of Nature

Throughout 17th century England, religion had a huge impact on the way the government was ruled. In turn, this has caused many problems amongst different sects, most notably in the lead up to the publication of John Locke’s The Second Treatise on Civil Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration. It would appear that the official religion of Britain would change with the hands of the monarch at the time, particularly during the period known as the ‘Wars of the Three Kingdoms’ and later the ‘Glorious Revolution.’ With this in mind, Locke identified the problem of allowing magistrates to enforce religious beliefs on the Commonwealth and so separated the Church and State. This separation is largely due to his ideas written out in Social Contract, which places a substantial limit on the government’s role in religion. In order to discuss the eventual separation of Church and State, one must first understand the importance of Locke’s Social Contract in relation to the magistrate’s power. Unlike Thomas Hobbes’ view on the State of Nature, Locke’s works make an attempt to eliminate absolute rule and consequently proposes that the State of Nature is positive. In Locke’s eyes, the State of Nature was not something human beings want to get out of, but rather are forced to with the introduction of private property and money. Nevertheless, this innate desire to want to improve common stock comes from God given rationality thus making human beings fundamentally rational. It is underShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke: Founding Father of Modern Era Liberalism1444 Words   |  6 Pagesidentify which thinker’s theory reflected modern era liberalism the most. For this paper I will be arguing that, John Locke provides a more compelling framework of modern era liberalism because of his perception of the state of nature, the social contract and the function of government. Before explaining how Locke’s philosophy reflects modern liberalism, it is important to first understand the characteristics that make up modern liberalism. Modern era liberalism stresses the idea that individualsRead MoreThe State Of Nature And Government1315 Words   |  6 Pages THE STATE OF NATURE AND GOVERNMENT Chloe Holmeshaw BF190 Dr. Charles Wells October 11, 2015 â€Æ' The State of Nature and Government The State of Nature and governing in â€Å"The State of Nature† are two subject that Hobbes and Locke both discuss in their book. The enlightenment period was a time of Learning, new inventions, new theories, and new government. Two prominent figures that became known during the enlightenment were Thomas Hobbes (1588-1674) and John Locke (1632-1704). These enlightenmentRead MoreJohn Locke s The Second Treatise Of Civil Government977 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy 1301.040 24 March 2017 John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government In John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government, Locke discusses what the moral state of nature is and rejects the idea of a â€Å"divine right of kings.† John Locke was a product of the best schools in England and had a heavy impact on Western thought through his writings. As a Christ Church graduate, Locke largely discusses in his writings the state of nature, the concept of natural property and retributiveRead MoreJohn Locke : An Influential Philosopher845 Words   |  4 Pagesof the modern period. In the Second Treatise of Government, John Locke discusses the move from a state of nature and perfect freedom to a then governed society in which authority is given to a legislative and executive power. His major ideas included liberalism and capitalism, state of nature, state of war and the desire to protect one’s property. In his Second Treatise on Government Locke focus’ on liberalism capitalism, defending the claim that men are by nature free and equal against the ideaRead MoreThe Enlightenment Theory Of John Locke1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enlightenment theory philosophies of John Locke offered a future that could drastically change government, economic and social ideals. Thomas Jefferson borrowed liberally from the enlightenment theory from John Locke, specifically focusing on Locks theories of the equality of men, natural rights, and that people should have a say on how the government treated people. Jefferson created a draft document created a bold experiment, America. The enlightenment philosophy of John Locke theorized thatRead MoreJohn Locke and Thomas Hobbes Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pagesequal in the state of nature, but their individual opinions about equality lead them to propose fundamentally different methods of proper civil governance. Locke argues that the correct form of civil government should be concerned with the common good of the people, and defend the citizenry’s rights to life, health, liberty, and personal possessions. Hobbes argues that the proper form of civil government must have an overarching ruler governing the people in order to avoid the state of war. I agreeRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1346 Words   |  6 Pagesof their lives attempting to identify the best form of government. Locke and Hobbes were among the most prominent of theorists when it came to social contract and human rights. A Social Contract is an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, are the two basic figures of differentiating viewpoints when it comes to the social contract. While both agree that societies and governments should coexist with one another, their opinions on howRead MoreThe Views of Locke Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesGod, nothing short of an eternal, all powerful, and all knowing Being could possibly have been responsible for the existence of man. It may be, however, that he was not prepared to accept it all in quite this literal way. In his First treatise of Government, for example, he writes: #8230; And therefore I doubt not, but before these words are pronounced, if they must be understood literally to have been spoken#8230; . He is here referring to Genesis 28:29 at the point at which God confrontsRead MoreMachiavelli s Views On Nature Of Good Rule Essay1719 Words   |  7 Pagesestablishment but their point of views regarding the nature of good rule varies. Machiavelli presents a rather extreme notion of the Prince disregarding individual rights for the benefit of the principality. He justifies these violations of rights, by implementing that it is necessary in order to maintain order and power. Machiavelli’s idea of the nature of good rule benefited the society of that specific time period through the means of letting human nature take rule of the principality. Locke on the other

What Causes A Crisis Free Essays

Such a question may at first seem unanswerable because there are so many different kinds of unpleasant situations into which we humans can get ourselves. In one word, however, the real culprit is probably ignorance. Ignorance, as used here, does not imply a lack of formal education, since one frequently sees highly educated persons getting into serious personal crises. We will write a custom essay sample on What Causes A Crisis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Real ignorance is a lack of understanding of the law of cause and effect in our own lives. Many of us seem to think that we can do whatever feels good–acquire wealth, achieve status, pursue romantic conquests, eat heartily, and so forth– ften at the expense of others, without ever having to concern ourselves with the consequences of such living. We foolishly ignore the karmic wisdom expressed in those popular phrases: â€Å"What goes around comes around. † and â€Å"Whatsoever a man sows, that shall he also reap. † Pain, unpleasant as it may be, is our stern benefactor. It teaches us vital lessons as to the conduct of our lives. Feeling pain means that something just isn’t working and that it’s time to change ourselves or get help through another’s experience. Getting help is a wise first step toward overcoming ignorance. When we hurt and really need the help, we listen attentively with mind and heart. We begin to learn those lessons which will prevent us from getting into similar predicaments later on. Some of us have to suffer consequential pain over and over before we are finally ready to seek out its causes. But eventually we say â€Å"Enough! and get to work. What if the crisis is not our fault, we might ask. Frequently a crisis victim who thinks himself to be blameless will lash out at society, chance, God, fate, the system, his family, or whatever other abstraction it is most convenient to blame. But the threads of cause and effect are many and multicolored. Our puny minds can hardly know for sure how or when an effect will blossom from a previous cause, nor what combinations of circumstances are being dealt to us by our own past choices. We are the masters of our future because we are free beings, but we are equally the slaves of our past and must pay folly’s price. Helpers in many different roles are available to give us the timely aid we need when in crisis. There are friends, psychiatrists, pastors, counselors, teachers, crisis line operators, doctors, nurses, social workers, nd numerous other sources of reeducation when we are up against a wall. If we will only ask them, they can help us overcome that ignorance which has, at least in part, caused us our present agony. Situations are many and varied, but it is safe to say that a situation never becomes a crisis until it involves pain. Pain spurs us on to ask, and exactly at that point is where solid and beneficial learning can begin. Whatever our diplomas and degrees, this is the only real learning. It is this learning that sets us free. Ignorance, mistakes, pain, learning, freedom–so goes the eternal cycle of human evolution. How to cite What Causes A Crisis, Essay examples

The Characteristics of Pictorialism Essay Example For Students

The Characteristics of Pictorialism Essay I the following essay I am going to be looking at what I believe to be the key characteristics of Pictorialism as well as this I will also be looking at the people I believe to of had the most impact on Pictorialism as a movement by analysing there works and ideology’s, by doing this I hope to answer the question ‘What are the characteristics of Pictorialism? ’ in a fulfilling and informative way whilst giving my biased and cynical British views on certain aspects, characters and events within the movement. The phrase Pictorialism was first coined within the context of photography in Henry Peach Robinson book entitled ‘Pictorial Effect in Photography: Being Hints On Composition And Chiaroscuro For Photographers. ’ Written in 1869 an age when ‘’9 out of ten photographers are ignorant to art’’ and the photographic proses was seen by most as something scientific opposed to something that can in the right hands be art. In many ways Pictorialism came about as a reaction to the small minded and bigoted nature of the art world of this time (its still pretty much the same today), it is because largely of Pictorialism that photography is accepted in the art world today. Naturalism and Peter Henry Emerson There are many characteristics in Pictorialism one of its most notably being it’s out of focus style. This is something that evolved as a characteristic of Pictorialism when it was still only a baby and was developing from its distant cousin naturalism, this now famous characteristic was originally pushed by someone who would have, in the early 1880’s made only stunning sharp pictures of nature, this was Peter Henry Emerson, a photographers whose roots lye within Naturalism and bird watching. Emerson later became one of the key figures in having photography accepted as an art form writing 8 books on photography and a manuscript entitled a history of artistic photography (1936), He originally pushed the idea of out of focus images to his students instructing them to make photographs ‘’just as sharp as the eye sees it and no sharper’’ . Believing much like many do now with digital photography that the images presented by the camera were not in fact a true representation of what the human eye could actually see. The Development of Pictorial Effect Where as Emerson strived often for the truth within the image, Pictorialism started to move away from this in 1890 where much like in art the substance within the image starting to become more important ‘stressing beauty over fact’ this became apparent within the development of the ‘pictorial effect’ inspired by the atmospherically soft brush strokes of painter from the Barbizon school. Photographers believed that by coating their own paper, before or during the development process with obvious brush strokes and marks, made their photographs works of art opposed to works of science replicating effects that were created when making a painting almost as if they were trying to re-create the authenticity of classic works of art that people at that time didnt feel photographs possessed. I feel these brush strokes also made the work feel as though it was not just an image trapped in a piece of paper but a work that now stood out and belonged in a three dimensional world opposed to a flat one. The brush strokes much like choosing to use a softer focus also aloud the photographer to portray his or her own objective view of the scene it was this that manly the photographer Robert Demachy felt separated the art of photography from the straight science of photography that you see in Eadweard Muybridge’s work ‘’A straight print may be beautiful, and it may prove upper abundantly that its author is an artist: but it cannot be a work of art.. work of art must be transcription, not a copy of nature it must be subjective not objective’’ I feel as though this quote from Demachy sums up quite nicely the points put across in the previous paragraph and sums up many of the thought and practical methods behind the movement of Pictorialism. Animal Locomotion, Plate 695, Eadweard Muybridge, 1880s Robert Demachy Most well known for this painterly effect is the photographer Robert Demachy. In his work he uses the brush strokes in such a way that the effect loses the somewhat gimmicky look that I feel it can sometimes be associated with. These brushstrokes on Demachis work do not look as though he is trying to copy a painting neither do they look like random marks with an image printed over the top, these marks become part of the image creating new tones, light and dark depending on where they have been placed on the paper. In his work ‘study of a head’ the marks blend into the clothing creating long flowing lines blurring what we preserve as a true image. Turkey Religion EssayIn the 20th century Pictorialism was described as becoming ‘’darker, more symbolic and personal, reflecting the rise of modernist art and the experience of displaced peoples across Europe and the united states’’ Were as the more complex and extravagant printing techniques previously used were replaced by cheaper and easier techniques such as gelatin silver printing and photogravure. This aloud for more prints to be made at a cheaper cost, ironically I feel this completely goes against earlier standard and ways of thinking in the Pictorialist movement, de-valuing the work and the artist credibility they believed came from something rare and authentic. Leaving its roots in Naturalism behind Pictorialism moved away from the more romanticised countryside shots common in Europe to a harder grittier urban settings, often trying to find beauty in unlikely location, Stieglitz who continued to work mostly on the streets of New York started to move further away from the more traditional Pictorialist styles taking inspiration from Japanese artist such as Katsushika Hokusai and Utagawa Hiroshige. Where as some photographers of the time such as Pierre Dubreuil (1872-1944) starting making more progressive pieces combining futurist and cubist ideas into the mix and unlike most other Pictorialist emphasizing designee over contented the old boys, Stieglitz, Steichen ext. ecame more self obsessed moving away from landscapes and portraits of young children to continuously photographing themselves and each other for example in the peace Frank Eugene, Alfred Stieglitz, Heinrich Kuhn and Edward Steichen Admiring the Work of Eugene (1907), I think certain thing like this are with other factors important to the downfall of Pictorialism as a major player in the art/ photography world, I dont think I would be alone in thinking towards the end of Camera Work’s influence Stieglitz hindered the movement more than he helped it continually turning friends into enemy for what he saw as ‘challenging his authority’ or disagreeing with his ideas, in many ways he was as much of a dictator of Pictorialism as he was a creator, like the moustached love child of a Kim Jon-Un and a more socially acceptable visionary. With this ‘obsessive’ self portrait talking came certain comments in the book .. o and so said, ‘’There was renewed interest in the inner depths that could be revealed in a portrait, seen most tellingly in the works of Steichen, Coburn and Frank Eugene. ’ As photography was slowly accepted into the ignorant and snobby art world Pictorialism and it’s influence and relevance started to fade and along with it was some of it’s key practitioners, Alfred Stezaker started to make more traditional images stating ‘’My photographs look like photographs- and (in the eyes of the ‘pictorial photographers’) they therefore can’t be art’’ 21 (1923) And the camera club he was part of was torn apart by his own ever enlarging ego, although Pictorialism was still practiced after WW1 it no longer had as much relevance in a more accepting art world. Conclusion The characteristics of Pictorialism can not just be defined by the work made and the techniques used by the artist, it is true that certain effects on images are in the brackets of Pictorialism, the painterly effects that showed human elements to the work which contradicted the ideas that photographs were machine made and there was no artist human element and therefor photography could not be an art. The soft focus which initially moved photography away from just recording events as they were seen even if that was not the original intention of Peter Henry Emerson but I feel the most important characteristic of Pictorialism was the relentless ways in which the artist pushed the movement, creating communities in the form of camera clubs, publishing journals and essays and touring exhibitions around the world as well as creating whole new spaces for Pictorialist work to be displayed, in doing this they not only got photography accepted into the art world but redefined modern art forever changing the ignorant face of the art world.