The Second Treatise On Civil Government And State Of Nature

Throughout 17th century England, religion had a huge impact on the way the government was ruled. In turn, this has caused many problems amongst different sects, most notably in the lead up to the publication of John Locke’s The Second Treatise on Civil Government and A Letter Concerning Toleration. It would appear that the official religion of Britain would change with the hands of the monarch at the time, particularly during the period known as the ‘Wars of the Three Kingdoms’ and later the ‘Glorious Revolution.’ With this in mind, Locke identified the problem of allowing magistrates to enforce religious beliefs on the Commonwealth and so separated the Church and State. This separation is largely due to his ideas written out in Social Contract, which places a substantial limit on the government’s role in religion. In order to discuss the eventual separation of Church and State, one must first understand the importance of Locke’s Social Contract in relation to the magistrate’s power. Unlike Thomas Hobbes’ view on the State of Nature, Locke’s works make an attempt to eliminate absolute rule and consequently proposes that the State of Nature is positive. In Locke’s eyes, the State of Nature was not something human beings want to get out of, but rather are forced to with the introduction of private property and money. Nevertheless, this innate desire to want to improve common stock comes from God given rationality thus making human beings fundamentally rational. It is underShow MoreRelatedJohn Locke: Founding Father of Modern Era Liberalism1444 Words   |  6 Pagesidentify which thinker’s theory reflected modern era liberalism the most. For this paper I will be arguing that, John Locke provides a more compelling framework of modern era liberalism because of his perception of the state of nature, the social contract and the function of government. Before explaining how Locke’s philosophy reflects modern liberalism, it is important to first understand the characteristics that make up modern liberalism. Modern era liberalism stresses the idea that individualsRead MoreThe State Of Nature And Government1315 Words   |  6 Pages THE STATE OF NATURE AND GOVERNMENT Chloe Holmeshaw BF190 Dr. Charles Wells October 11, 2015 â€Æ' The State of Nature and Government The State of Nature and governing in â€Å"The State of Nature† are two subject that Hobbes and Locke both discuss in their book. The enlightenment period was a time of Learning, new inventions, new theories, and new government. Two prominent figures that became known during the enlightenment were Thomas Hobbes (1588-1674) and John Locke (1632-1704). These enlightenmentRead MoreJohn Locke s The Second Treatise Of Civil Government977 Words   |  4 PagesPhilosophy 1301.040 24 March 2017 John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government In John Locke’s The Second Treatise of Civil Government, Locke discusses what the moral state of nature is and rejects the idea of a â€Å"divine right of kings.† John Locke was a product of the best schools in England and had a heavy impact on Western thought through his writings. As a Christ Church graduate, Locke largely discusses in his writings the state of nature, the concept of natural property and retributiveRead MoreJohn Locke : An Influential Philosopher845 Words   |  4 Pagesof the modern period. In the Second Treatise of Government, John Locke discusses the move from a state of nature and perfect freedom to a then governed society in which authority is given to a legislative and executive power. His major ideas included liberalism and capitalism, state of nature, state of war and the desire to protect one’s property. In his Second Treatise on Government Locke focus’ on liberalism capitalism, defending the claim that men are by nature free and equal against the ideaRead MoreThe Enlightenment Theory Of John Locke1627 Words   |  7 PagesThe Enlightenment theory philosophies of John Locke offered a future that could drastically change government, economic and social ideals. Thomas Jefferson borrowed liberally from the enlightenment theory from John Locke, specifically focusing on Locks theories of the equality of men, natural rights, and that people should have a say on how the government treated people. Jefferson created a draft document created a bold experiment, America. The enlightenment philosophy of John Locke theorized thatRead MoreJohn Locke and Thomas Hobbes Essay1077 Words   |  5 Pagesequal in the state of nature, but their individual opinions about equality lead them to propose fundamentally different methods of proper civil governance. Locke argues that the correct form of civil government should be concerned with the common good of the people, and defend the citizenry’s rights to life, health, liberty, and personal possessions. Hobbes argues that the proper form of civil government must have an overarching ruler governing the people in order to avoid the state of war. I agreeRead MoreThomas Hobbes And John Locke1346 Words   |  6 Pagesof their lives attempting to identify the best form of government. Locke and Hobbes were among the most prominent of theorists when it came to social contract and human rights. A Social Contract is an agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits. Thomas Hobbes and John Locke, are the two basic figures of differentiating viewpoints when it comes to the social contract. While both agree that societies and governments should coexist with one another, their opinions on howRead MoreThe Views of Locke Essay733 Words   |  3 PagesGod, nothing short of an eternal, all powerful, and all knowing Being could possibly have been responsible for the existence of man. It may be, however, that he was not prepared to accept it all in quite this literal way. In his First treatise of Government, for example, he writes: #8230; And therefore I doubt not, but before these words are pronounced, if they must be understood literally to have been spoken#8230; . He is here referring to Genesis 28:29 at the point at which God confrontsRead MoreMachiavelli s Views On Nature Of Good Rule Essay1719 Words   |  7 Pagesestablishment but their point of views regarding the nature of good rule varies. Machiavelli presents a rather extreme notion of the Prince disregarding individual rights for the benefit of the principality. He justifies these violations of rights, by implementing that it is necessary in order to maintain order and power. Machiavelli’s idea of the nature of good rule benefited the society of that specific time period through the means of letting human nature take rule of the principality. Locke on the other

What Causes A Crisis Free Essays

Such a question may at first seem unanswerable because there are so many different kinds of unpleasant situations into which we humans can get ourselves. In one word, however, the real culprit is probably ignorance. Ignorance, as used here, does not imply a lack of formal education, since one frequently sees highly educated persons getting into serious personal crises. We will write a custom essay sample on What Causes A Crisis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Real ignorance is a lack of understanding of the law of cause and effect in our own lives. Many of us seem to think that we can do whatever feels good–acquire wealth, achieve status, pursue romantic conquests, eat heartily, and so forth– ften at the expense of others, without ever having to concern ourselves with the consequences of such living. We foolishly ignore the karmic wisdom expressed in those popular phrases: â€Å"What goes around comes around. † and â€Å"Whatsoever a man sows, that shall he also reap. † Pain, unpleasant as it may be, is our stern benefactor. It teaches us vital lessons as to the conduct of our lives. Feeling pain means that something just isn’t working and that it’s time to change ourselves or get help through another’s experience. Getting help is a wise first step toward overcoming ignorance. When we hurt and really need the help, we listen attentively with mind and heart. We begin to learn those lessons which will prevent us from getting into similar predicaments later on. Some of us have to suffer consequential pain over and over before we are finally ready to seek out its causes. But eventually we say â€Å"Enough! and get to work. What if the crisis is not our fault, we might ask. Frequently a crisis victim who thinks himself to be blameless will lash out at society, chance, God, fate, the system, his family, or whatever other abstraction it is most convenient to blame. But the threads of cause and effect are many and multicolored. Our puny minds can hardly know for sure how or when an effect will blossom from a previous cause, nor what combinations of circumstances are being dealt to us by our own past choices. We are the masters of our future because we are free beings, but we are equally the slaves of our past and must pay folly’s price. Helpers in many different roles are available to give us the timely aid we need when in crisis. There are friends, psychiatrists, pastors, counselors, teachers, crisis line operators, doctors, nurses, social workers, nd numerous other sources of reeducation when we are up against a wall. If we will only ask them, they can help us overcome that ignorance which has, at least in part, caused us our present agony. Situations are many and varied, but it is safe to say that a situation never becomes a crisis until it involves pain. Pain spurs us on to ask, and exactly at that point is where solid and beneficial learning can begin. Whatever our diplomas and degrees, this is the only real learning. It is this learning that sets us free. Ignorance, mistakes, pain, learning, freedom–so goes the eternal cycle of human evolution. How to cite What Causes A Crisis, Essay examples

The Characteristics of Pictorialism Essay Example For Students

The Characteristics of Pictorialism Essay I the following essay I am going to be looking at what I believe to be the key characteristics of Pictorialism as well as this I will also be looking at the people I believe to of had the most impact on Pictorialism as a movement by analysing there works and ideology’s, by doing this I hope to answer the question ‘What are the characteristics of Pictorialism? ’ in a fulfilling and informative way whilst giving my biased and cynical British views on certain aspects, characters and events within the movement. The phrase Pictorialism was first coined within the context of photography in Henry Peach Robinson book entitled ‘Pictorial Effect in Photography: Being Hints On Composition And Chiaroscuro For Photographers. ’ Written in 1869 an age when ‘’9 out of ten photographers are ignorant to art’’ and the photographic proses was seen by most as something scientific opposed to something that can in the right hands be art. In many ways Pictorialism came about as a reaction to the small minded and bigoted nature of the art world of this time (its still pretty much the same today), it is because largely of Pictorialism that photography is accepted in the art world today. Naturalism and Peter Henry Emerson There are many characteristics in Pictorialism one of its most notably being it’s out of focus style. This is something that evolved as a characteristic of Pictorialism when it was still only a baby and was developing from its distant cousin naturalism, this now famous characteristic was originally pushed by someone who would have, in the early 1880’s made only stunning sharp pictures of nature, this was Peter Henry Emerson, a photographers whose roots lye within Naturalism and bird watching. Emerson later became one of the key figures in having photography accepted as an art form writing 8 books on photography and a manuscript entitled a history of artistic photography (1936), He originally pushed the idea of out of focus images to his students instructing them to make photographs ‘’just as sharp as the eye sees it and no sharper’’ . Believing much like many do now with digital photography that the images presented by the camera were not in fact a true representation of what the human eye could actually see. The Development of Pictorial Effect Where as Emerson strived often for the truth within the image, Pictorialism started to move away from this in 1890 where much like in art the substance within the image starting to become more important ‘stressing beauty over fact’ this became apparent within the development of the ‘pictorial effect’ inspired by the atmospherically soft brush strokes of painter from the Barbizon school. Photographers believed that by coating their own paper, before or during the development process with obvious brush strokes and marks, made their photographs works of art opposed to works of science replicating effects that were created when making a painting almost as if they were trying to re-create the authenticity of classic works of art that people at that time didnt feel photographs possessed. I feel these brush strokes also made the work feel as though it was not just an image trapped in a piece of paper but a work that now stood out and belonged in a three dimensional world opposed to a flat one. The brush strokes much like choosing to use a softer focus also aloud the photographer to portray his or her own objective view of the scene it was this that manly the photographer Robert Demachy felt separated the art of photography from the straight science of photography that you see in Eadweard Muybridge’s work ‘’A straight print may be beautiful, and it may prove upper abundantly that its author is an artist: but it cannot be a work of art.. work of art must be transcription, not a copy of nature it must be subjective not objective’’ I feel as though this quote from Demachy sums up quite nicely the points put across in the previous paragraph and sums up many of the thought and practical methods behind the movement of Pictorialism. Animal Locomotion, Plate 695, Eadweard Muybridge, 1880s Robert Demachy Most well known for this painterly effect is the photographer Robert Demachy. In his work he uses the brush strokes in such a way that the effect loses the somewhat gimmicky look that I feel it can sometimes be associated with. These brushstrokes on Demachis work do not look as though he is trying to copy a painting neither do they look like random marks with an image printed over the top, these marks become part of the image creating new tones, light and dark depending on where they have been placed on the paper. In his work ‘study of a head’ the marks blend into the clothing creating long flowing lines blurring what we preserve as a true image. Turkey Religion EssayIn the 20th century Pictorialism was described as becoming ‘’darker, more symbolic and personal, reflecting the rise of modernist art and the experience of displaced peoples across Europe and the united states’’ Were as the more complex and extravagant printing techniques previously used were replaced by cheaper and easier techniques such as gelatin silver printing and photogravure. This aloud for more prints to be made at a cheaper cost, ironically I feel this completely goes against earlier standard and ways of thinking in the Pictorialist movement, de-valuing the work and the artist credibility they believed came from something rare and authentic. Leaving its roots in Naturalism behind Pictorialism moved away from the more romanticised countryside shots common in Europe to a harder grittier urban settings, often trying to find beauty in unlikely location, Stieglitz who continued to work mostly on the streets of New York started to move further away from the more traditional Pictorialist styles taking inspiration from Japanese artist such as Katsushika Hokusai and Utagawa Hiroshige. Where as some photographers of the time such as Pierre Dubreuil (1872-1944) starting making more progressive pieces combining futurist and cubist ideas into the mix and unlike most other Pictorialist emphasizing designee over contented the old boys, Stieglitz, Steichen ext. ecame more self obsessed moving away from landscapes and portraits of young children to continuously photographing themselves and each other for example in the peace Frank Eugene, Alfred Stieglitz, Heinrich Kuhn and Edward Steichen Admiring the Work of Eugene (1907), I think certain thing like this are with other factors important to the downfall of Pictorialism as a major player in the art/ photography world, I dont think I would be alone in thinking towards the end of Camera Work’s influence Stieglitz hindered the movement more than he helped it continually turning friends into enemy for what he saw as ‘challenging his authority’ or disagreeing with his ideas, in many ways he was as much of a dictator of Pictorialism as he was a creator, like the moustached love child of a Kim Jon-Un and a more socially acceptable visionary. With this ‘obsessive’ self portrait talking came certain comments in the book .. o and so said, ‘’There was renewed interest in the inner depths that could be revealed in a portrait, seen most tellingly in the works of Steichen, Coburn and Frank Eugene. ’ As photography was slowly accepted into the ignorant and snobby art world Pictorialism and it’s influence and relevance started to fade and along with it was some of it’s key practitioners, Alfred Stezaker started to make more traditional images stating ‘’My photographs look like photographs- and (in the eyes of the ‘pictorial photographers’) they therefore can’t be art’’ 21 (1923) And the camera club he was part of was torn apart by his own ever enlarging ego, although Pictorialism was still practiced after WW1 it no longer had as much relevance in a more accepting art world. Conclusion The characteristics of Pictorialism can not just be defined by the work made and the techniques used by the artist, it is true that certain effects on images are in the brackets of Pictorialism, the painterly effects that showed human elements to the work which contradicted the ideas that photographs were machine made and there was no artist human element and therefor photography could not be an art. The soft focus which initially moved photography away from just recording events as they were seen even if that was not the original intention of Peter Henry Emerson but I feel the most important characteristic of Pictorialism was the relentless ways in which the artist pushed the movement, creating communities in the form of camera clubs, publishing journals and essays and touring exhibitions around the world as well as creating whole new spaces for Pictorialist work to be displayed, in doing this they not only got photography accepted into the art world but redefined modern art forever changing the ignorant face of the art world.

Waterfall Models in Software Engineering free essay sample

Software metrics Measurement can be applied †¢ to the software process with the intent of improving †¢ to assist in estimation, quality control, productivity assessment, and project control †¢ to help assess the quality of technical work products and to assist in tactical decision making as a project proceeds ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 1 MEASURES , METRICS , AND INDICATORS measure provides a quantitative indication of the extent, amount, dimensions, capacity, or size of some attribute of a product or process. a metric as a quantitative measure of the degree to which a system, component, or process possesses a given attribute†. an indicator is a metric or combination of metrics that provide insight into the software process, a software project, or the product itself A software engineer collects measures and develops metrics so that indicators will be obtained . ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING METRICS IN THE PROCESS AND PROJECT DOMAINS Process indicators †¢ enable a software engineering organization to gain insight into the efficacy of an existing process ( i. We will write a custom essay sample on Waterfall Models in Software Engineering or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page e. , the paradigm, software engineering tasks , work products , and milestones ) . †¢ enable managers and practitioners to assess what works and what doesnt. Process metrics are collected across all projects and over long periods of time. Their intent is to provide indicators that lead to longterm software process improvement. †¢ ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 2 Project indicators enable a software project manager to †¢ assess the status of an ongoing project †¢ track potential risks †¢ uncover problem areas before they go critical †¢ adjust work flow or tasks †¢ evaluate the project teams ability to control quality of software engineering work products. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Process Metrics and Software Process Improvement The only rational way to improve any process is †¢to measure specific attributes of the process †¢develop a set of meaningful metrics based on these attributes †¢use the metrics to provide indicators that will lead to a strategy for improvement ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 3 Product Customer Characteristics Business Conditions Process People Development Environment Technology oduct Determinants for software quality and organizational effectiveness. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Determinants for software quality and organizational effectiveness †¢ process sits at the center of a triangle connecting three factors that have a profound influence on software quality and organizational performance †¢the skill and motivation of people has most influential factor in quality and performance †¢ the complexity of the product have impact on quality and team performance †¢ the technology (the software engineering methods) the process triangle exists within a circle of environmental conditions that include the development environment, business conditions, customer characteristics (e. . , ease of communication) ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 4 Outcomes We measure the efficacy of a software process indirectly based on the outcomes that can be derived from the process. Outcomes : –measures of errors uncovered before release of the software –efects delivered to and reported by end users –work products delivered –human effort expended –calendar time expended –schedule conformance ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING We derive process metrics by measuring the characteristics of specific software engineering tasks. measure the effort and time spent performing the umbrella activities –measure the generic software engineering activities ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 5 Private metric There are private and public uses for different types of process data : Data private to the individual –serve as an indicator for the individual only Examples of metrics private to the individual –defect rates (by individual) –defe ct rates (by module) –errors found during development ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Personal Software Process A structured set of process descriptions , measurements , and methods that can help engineers to improve their personal performance Some process metrics are private to the software project team but public to all team members –Defects reported for major software functions –Errors found during formal technical reviews –Lines of code or function points per module and function ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 6 Public metrics Public metrics assimilate information that originally was private to individuals and teams. Project-level defect – rates , – effort, – calendar times, – related data are collected and evaluated in an attempt to uncover indicators that can improve organizational process performance. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Software metrics etiquette Software process metrics can be misused. Software metrics etiquette: –Use common sense and organizational sensitivity when interpreting metrics data. –Provide regular feedback to the individuals and teams who have worked to collect measures and metries. –Dont use metrics to appraise individuals. Work with practitioners and teams to set clear goals and metrics that will be used to achieve them –Never use metrics to threaten individuals or teams. –Metrics data that indicate a problem area should not be considered negative. These data are merely an indicator for process improvement. –Dont obsess on a single metric to the exclusion of other impo rtant metrics. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 7 A simple defect distribution Hardware interface 8% Error checking 11% Data handling 11% User interface 12% Standards 7% Specifications 25% Causes of defects and their origin for four software projects Software interface 6% Logic 20% Origin of errors/defects specification/requirem ents desig n code ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING A fishbone diagram showing the causes of one class of defects Missing Ambiguous Specification defects wrong customer queried customer gave wrong info inadequate inquiries used outdated info Incorrect Changes ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 8 Project Metrics Used for strategic purposes by a project manager and a software team to adapt project work flow and technical activities . Project metrics on estimation effort and time duration estimates Production rates pages of documentation, –review hours, –function points, –delivered source lines ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING The intent of project metrics is twofold : –to minimize the development schedule, –to assess product quality on an ongoing basis and when necessary, modify the technical app roach to improve quality. Every project should measure: –inputs measures of the resources (e. g. , people, environment) required to do the work, –outputs measures of the deliverables or work products created during the software engineering process, –results measures that indicate the effectiveness of the deliverables ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 9 SOFTWARE MEASUREMENT Direct measures (e. g. , the length of a bolt) Indirect measures (e. g. , the quality ) Direct measures –lines of code (LOC) –execution speed –memory size –defects reported over some set period of time Indirect measures †¢functionality, quality, complexity, efficiency, reliability, †¢maintainability and many other abilities ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Size-Oriented Metrics Derived by normalizingquality and or productivity measures by considering the size of the software ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 10 Size Oriented Metrics a set of simple size -oriented metrics can be developed for each project: †¢errors per KLOC (thousand lines of code) †¢defects per KLOC †¢$ per LOC †¢pages of documentation per YLOC other interesting metrics: –errors/person-month –LOC per person-month –$/page of documentation ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Lines of Code (LOC) proponents claim †¢LOC can be easily counted, †¢many existing software estimation models use LOC or KLOC as a key input, †¢a large body of literature and data predicated on LOC already exists. pponents claim –LOC measures are programming language dependent, –they penalize well-designed but shorter programs, –they cannot easily accommodate nonprocedural languages, their use in estimation requires a level of detail that may be difficult to achieve (i. e. , the planner must est imate the LOC to be produced long before analysis and design have been completed). ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 11 Function-Oriented Metrics Use a measure of the functionality delivered by the application as a normalization value. Function-oriented metrics were first proposed by Albrecht. Function points measurement parameter number of user inputs number of user outputs number of user inquiries number of files number of externel interfaces count = total count ? ? ? ? ? Weighting Factor simple 3 4 3 7 5 average 4 5 4 10 7 complex 6 7 6 15 10 = = = = = Computing function point metrics. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Number of user inputs. Each user input that provides distinct applicationoriented data to the software is counted. Inputs should be distinguished from inquiries, which are counted separately. Number of user outputs. Each user output that provides application-oriented information to the user is counted. In this context output refers to reports, screens, error messages, and so on. Individual data items within a report are not counted separately. Number of user inquiries. An inquiry is defined as an on-line input that results in the generation of some immediate software response in the form of an on-line output. Each distinct inquiry is counted. Number of files. Each logical master file (i. e. , a logical grouping of data that may be one part of a large database or a separate file), is counted. Number of external interfaces. All machine readable interfaces (e. g. , data files on tape or disk) that are used to transmit information to another system are counted. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 12 COMPUTING FUNCTION POINTS Once the above data have been collected, a complexity value is associated with each count. For determining whether a particular entry, –simple, –average, –complex. To compute function points (FP), FP = count-total x [0. 65 + 0. 01 x ? Fi] The Fi ( i = 1 to 14) are complexity adjustment values ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING COMPUTING FUNCTION POINTS Rate each factor on a scale of 0 1 2 3 4 5 No influenc Incident Moderat Average Significant Essentia 1. Does the system require reliable backup and recovery? 2. Are data communications required? 3. Are there distributed processing functions? 4. Is performance critical? 5. Will the system run in an existing, heavily utilized operational environment? 6. Does the system require on-line data entry? 7. Does the on-line data entry require the input transaction to be built over multiple screens or operations? 8. Are the master files updated on-line? 9. Are the inputs, outputs, files, or inquiries complex? 10.. Is the internal processing complex? 1. Is the code designed to be reusable? 12. Are conversion and installation included in the design? 13. Is the system designed for multiple installations in different organizations? 14. Is the application designed to facilitate change and ease o f use by the user? ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 13 Function Point Once function points have been calculated, they are used in a manner analogous to LOC to normalize measures of software productivity, quality, and other attributes : †¢errors per FP †¢defects per FP †¢$ per FP †¢page of documentation per FP †¢FP per person-month ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING An Example of LOC-Based Estimation The CAD software will accept two- and three-dimensional geometric data from an engineer. The engineer will interact and control the CAD system through a user interface that will exhibit characteristics of good humanmachine interface design. All geometric data and other supporting information will be maintained in a CAD database. Design analysis modules will be developed to produce required output which will be displayed on a variety of graphics devices. The software will be designed to control and interact with peripheral devices that include a mouse, digitizer, and laser printer. –user interface and control facilities (UICF) –two-dimensional geometric analysis (2DGA) –three-dimensional geometric analysis (3DGA) –database management (DBM) –computer graphics display facilities (CGDF) –peripheral control (PC) –design analysis modules (DAM) ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 14 Function Estimated LOC 2,300 5,300 6,800 3,350 4,950 2,100 8,400 33,200 User interface and control facilities (UICF) Two-dimensional geometric analysis (2DGA) Three-dimensional geometric analysis (3DGA) Database management (DBM) Computer graphics display facilities (CGDF) Peripheral control (PC) Design analysis modules (DAM) Estimated lines of code ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Estimation table for LOC method. optimistic: 4600 most likely: 6900 pessimistic: 8600 AN EXAMPLE OF FP-BASED ESTIMATION Information Domain Value opt. likely pess. est. count weight FP-count Number of inputs Number of outputs Number of inquiries Number of files Number of external interfaces 0 12 16 4 2 24 15 22 4 2 30 22 28 5 3 24 16 22 4 2 4 5 4 10 7 96 80 88 40 14 318 Count-total ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 15 Estimating information domain values. Factor Backup and recovery Data communications Distributed processing Performance critical Existing operating environment On-line data entry Input transaction over multiple s creens Master files updated on-line Information domain values complex Internal processing complex Code designed for reuse Conversion/installation in design Multiple installations Application designed for change Complexity adjustment factor Value 4 2 0 4 3 4 5 3 5 5 4 3 5 5 1. 17 ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING The estimated number of FP is derived: FPestimated = count-total ? [0. 65 + 0. 01 ? ? Fi ] FPestimated = 372 †¢Historical data normalized using function points indicate that the organizational average productivity for systems of this type is 6. 5 FP/p m. †¢Burdened labor rate of $8000 per month, the cost per FP is approximately $1230. †¢Based on the LOC estimate and the historical productivity data, the total estimated project cost is $457,000 and the estimated effort is 58 personmonths. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 16 Extended Function Point Metrics †¢The function point metric was originally designed to be applied to business information systems applications. †¢The data dimension was emphasized to the exclusion of the functional and behavioral (control) dimensions. †¢The function point measure was inadequate for many engineering and embedded systems †¢Feature points –a superset of the function point –applications in which algorithmic complexity is high. real-time –process control –embedded software applications ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING To compute the feature point †¢information domain values are again counted and weighted as described †¢ In addition, the feature point metric counts a new software characteristic, algorithms. †¢An algorithm is defined as a bounded computational problem that is included within a specific computer program ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 17 3D Function Point †¢ 3D function point integrates Data dimension of software with the functional and control dimensions. Data Dimension †¢ Counts of retained data (the internal program data structure, e. g. , files) †¢ External data (inputs, outputs, inquiries, and external references) Functional Dimension †¢ Measured by considering the number of internal operations required to transform input to output data ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Transformation †¢ †¢ A series of processing steps that are constrained by a set of semantic statements. A transformation is accomplished with an algorithm that results in a fundamental change to input data as it is processed to become output data. Acquire data from a file Simply place that data into program memory †¢ †¢ ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 18 The level of complexity assigned to each transformation is a function of : †¢ The number of processing steps †¢ The number of semantic statements that control the processing steps. Semantic Statements 1-5 Processing Steps 1-10 low low low 6-10 11+ 11-20 low average high 21+ verage high high Determining the complexity of a transformation for 3D function points ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Control Dimension †¢ †¢ Measured by counting the number of transitions between states A state represents some externally observable mode of behavior, and a transition occurs as a result of some event that causes the software or system to change its mode of behavior . For example, a cellular phone †¢ auto-dial state †¢ resting state †¢ dialing state ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING 19 To compute 3D function points index = I+ O +Q+F+ E+ T+ R where I, 0, Q, F, E, T, and R represent inputs, outputs, inquiries, internal data structures, external files, transformations, and transitions, respectively.. †¢ Each complexity weighted value is computed using the following relationship complexity weighted value = Nil Wil + Nia Wia + Nih Wih where Nil , Nia , and Nih represent the number of occurrences of element i (e. g. , outputs) for each level of complexity (low, average, high) Wil , Wia and Wih are the corresponding weights. ITU DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER ENGINEERING SOFTWARE ENGINEERING Function Point †¢ The function point ,like the LOC, measure is controversial Proponents claim that †¢ FP is programming language independent, making it ideal for applications using conventional and nonprocedural languages †¢ It is based on data that are more likely to be known early in the evolution of a project Opponents claim that †¢ The method requires some sleight of hand in that computation s i based on subjective, rather than objective, data †¢ Counts of the information domain (and other dimensions) can be difficult to collect after-the fact †¢ FP has no direct physical meaning its just a number.

Tips for Urban Stargazers

Tips for Urban Stargazers Stargazing in the city? Why not?  Just because someone lives in an urban environment doesnt mean they cant do a little sky observing. Sure, its a bit tougher because of bright lights and overall light pollution, but it can be done.   Most articles  about stargazing  recommend finding a good, dark-sky observing site. But for someone living in the city, who cant get to a dark-sky reservations, its tempting to just stay inside and look at the stars on a computer screen. However, it turns out, there are ways to do some city observing, despite the problems posed by light pollution. Much of the worlds population lives in or near cities, so enthusiastic city stargazers can and do find ways to do back-yard or rooftop observing.   Explore the Solar System The Sun, Moon, and planets are readily accessible because theyre bright. The Sun is an obvious choice, but observers do need to take some strict precautions. NEVER look directly at the Sun with the naked eye and especially NOT through binoculars or a scope that dont have solar filters. If an observer has a  telescope  equipped with a solar filter, then they can look at it through the eyepiece, to see the sunspots and any prominences that might be moving up from the Suns surface.  As it turns out, however, theres a very low-tech way to see sunspots without filters. Heres how it works: let the Sun shine through the telescope, and direct the bright light onto a white wall or a piece of paper. The observer gets to see sunspots without burning their eyes out. In fact,  a number of successful sunspot observers use this method all the time. That method also makes it very easy to sketch sunspots since all the observer has to do is direct the view onto paper and then trace what is projected. Checking out the Moon The Moon is also a great target for city viewing. Watch it night after night (and in the daytime during part of the month), and chart how its appearance changes. Its possible to explore its surface with binoculars, and get really finely-detailed views with a good telescope. One popular pastime is to explore all the large basins and craters on the surface.  Another one is to look for mountains and cracks on the surface.   One thing to look for during an observing session is an iridium flare. Thats a glint of light from the surface of an Iridium satellite. These usually happen not long after sunset and are very bright, so bright then can be seen from cities. However, as Iridium satellitesd are gradually phased out, such flares will happen less and less frequently. Seeing Planets from the City The planets are also good targets for city skygazers. The rings of Saturn and the moons of Jupiter  are popular targets. Plus, they show up well in binoculars or a telescope. There are good observing guides to the planets in the pages of Astronomy, Sky Telescope, SkyNews  magazines, as well as many sources online in other languages. A  digital astronomy program or app, such as StarMap 2 or Stellarium also provide precise positions of the Moon and planets in the sky.   The Deep Sky From the Big City Unfortunately, many people who live in light-polluted areas have never (or rarely) seen the Milky Way. During a power outage, theres a chance of seeing it from the city, but otherwise, it can be very difficult to spot unless they can get a few miles outside of town.   But, all is not lost. There are  some deep-sky objects that city dwellers can try to find. They just need to get out of the way of lights. One trick that many urban observers use is to stay up after midnight when some building owners turn off their outside lights. That might allow a view of such things as the Orion Nebula, the Pleiades star cluster, and some of the brighter star clusters. Other tricks for city observers: Find places to observe from that are shielded from bright nearby lights, such as a corner of a porch, the top of a roof and next to a wall, or from a balcony;Some put a blanket over their heads and their telescopes to block out the direct light;City astrophotographers take long-exposure images of deep sky objects;Use  good star chats  that help a skygazer hop from star to star as you search out a cluster or a nebula.   Ask the Locals Local planetarium theaters often offer stargazing shows, where people can learn the night sky.  They might also have classes for stargazers, so check out the nearby facilities to see what they offer. They are often found in science centers, but also at universities and some school districts offer public access from time to time. Amateur astronomer groups in and near big cities often have observing nights where people can gather with others to do some sky exploration. For example, in New York City, the Friends of the High Line organization have weekly observing sessions from April through October. Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles holds star parties each month, and its telescope is available each week for a peek at the heavens. These are just two of many, many stargazing activities in towns and cities. Also, dont forget the local college and university observatories- they often have observing nights, too. The city might seem like the least likely place to catch a glimpse of the stars, but in cities from downtown New York to Shanghai to Bombay and beyond, people can still often see the brightest stars and planets. It may be a challenge, but the rewards are worth it.

How to Promote Student Growth

How to Promote Student Growth There is a growing need to measure students growth and success in the classroom, especially with all the talk in the media about teacher evaluations. Its standard to measure student growth at the beginning and the end of the school year with standardized testing. But, can these test scores give teachers and parents a good understanding of the students growth? What are some other ways educators can measure students learning throughout the year? Here we will examine a few ways that teachers can promote student understanding and performance. Ways to Promote Student Development According to Wong and Wong, there are some ways professional educators can promote student growth in their classroom: Set high expectations for student achievementMake sure that students perform at or above expectationsSolve problems so students will receive servicesUse up to date research and technologyPlan instructional strategiesApply higher-order learning skillsApply information-processing strategiesApply complex learning tasksUse cooperative learning in the classroomUse invitational learning in the classroomArticulate information clearlyApply classroom management These suggestions that the Wongs gave will indeed help students to achieve and demonstrate their abilities. Promoting this kind of learning can help students prepare for the standardized testing that measures their growth throughout the year. By using the suggestions from the Wongs, teachers will be preparing their students to be successful on these tests while promoting and developing important skills. A Variety of Ways to Measure Student Performance Measuring student growth solely on standardized tests have always been the easiest way for teachers to determine that the students are grasping the information taught. According to an article in the Washington Post, the problem with standardized tests is that they mainly focus on math and reading and do not take into account other subjects and skills students should be developing. These tests can be one part of measuring academic achievement, not the whole part. Students can be evaluated on multiple measures such as: Growth throughout several yearsPortfolio of students work in all subjectsExamsCritical thinking skillsProblem-solving skillsGroup ProjectsWritten and oral presentationsClass projects and experiments Including these measures along with standardized testing would not only encourage teachers to teach a wide range of subjects well but would also accomplish Presidents Obamas goal to make all children college ready. Even the poorest of students would have the opportunity to demonstrate these critical skills. Achieving Student Success To achieve students academic success, it is paramount that teachers and parents work together to help develop and build skills throughout the school year. A combination of motivation, organization, time management, and concentration will help students stay on track and be able to achieve successful test scores. Use the following tips to help students achieve success: Motivation To help motivate students to find out what they are passionate about and use their interests to connect with their school work. Organization For many students, something as simple as staying organized is the key to academic success. To help students stay organized, organize and label all materials and notebooks and keep a checklist of essential tasks. Time Management Learning to prioritize and manage time can be difficult for students. To help them manage their time keep track of assignments and tasks by creating a school calendar. Concentration Students get distracted very easily, to keep their minds on the task at hand enlist parents to designate a quiet zone for homework where there are NO interruptions. Sources: Wong K.H. Wong R.T (2004).How To Be An Effective Teacher The First Days Of School. Mountain View, CA: Harry K. Wong Publications, Inc. TheWashingtonpost.com

Emerging Technologies that address interoperability issues in an Essay

Emerging Technologies that address interoperability issues in an e-business environment - Essay Example New technologies have been introduced through e-commerce to give a wider exposure and innovate new ways of conducting businesses, which has introduced a new dimension in technology known as E-business. E-business’s presence is important for expansion in business, dissemination of information and access to physically inaccessible markets. In today’s dynamic world, companies spent heavily on their IT departments for the technical support to smoothly run their e-commerce activities. Companies even develop strategies through e-business to reduce cost of the business, expand sales and increase customer services and satisfaction in the long run. E-business is widely used for many business purposes like product research, order entry; customer’s related matters like support, services, communication, inquiry, invoicing etc., outbound and inbound logistics. E-commerce has revolutionized not only businesses but every aspect of life; the world is now a click away. (Ray, 3) C hallenge from the Competitor in E-Business Environment including Supply Chain Due to increased e-business services and advancement in IT related matters, competition has geared up in every sector tremendously. Nowadays, competition has intensified due to e-business activity like business to business (B2B) or business to consumer (B2C) transactions or transactions that incur after sale. These facilities and easiness to conduct business has caused cost efficiency which has attracted more competition in every sector. Increased Competition Due to Low Entry Barriers Due to tremendous benefits offered by the e-business, the competition has increased, which has affected business in many ways. The e-business has lowered market entry barriers and it is now comparatively very easy to enter business than it was previously. Initially, large investments and established contacts were needed to start up a business which is now replaced by easy entry in to the markets which is now a click away. Thi s has made competition severe and is a threat to many established business. The internet as a medium to exchange information has made customers close to the businesses which has brought great challenges to the existing businesses. Now there is a continuous threat to every business that another business established in no time can take away its customers. Thirdly, globalization has added to the increasing competition. Internet allows the customers to exchange information anywhere in the world, which has made the businesses of the world compete with each other. (United Nations, 142) Continuous Cost Reduction Due to e-business, the markets now seem to be more of a perfect market where there are many competitors striving to gain their positions. In such a market, cost leaders prevail. Due to closed links of customers and suppliers in the supply chain, cost reduction is an achievable task in today’s business and many business strategies are based on this. In this cost reduction rac e, every business has to continuously work on its cost reduction strategies in order to compete effectively. Secondly, the transaction costs are reduced for the customers due to extensive information available over the internet. This also puts up a pressure on the businesses to increase their presence over the internet. (United Nations,

Case Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Case - Research Paper Example The high costs associated with the implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley prompts the clients (companies) to pay lesser fees to the audit firms as they try to mi9nimoize their total costs. Ethical issues may, therefore, arise. There is a significant variation in the amount of fees paid by General Electric to auditors before and after the implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley. The comparison is therefore between the fees before (2000 and 2002) with those of (2004, 2006, 2008, and 2010). In the period between 2000 and 2002, all the fees paid by General Electric to Auditors (in millions), except the financial information systems fees took an upward trend. The audit fees increased by $14.8 while the audit-related fees and the tax fees increased by $7.8 and $7.4 respectively (textbooks.com). After the implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley, the figures increased still but not uniformly as before. The audit fees and the audit related fees rose significantly between 2004 and 2008 and then dropped to in 2010. The increment is however not bigger than the change in the tax fees, which were reduced drastically after the implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley. Taking a similar analysis for the Fortune 100 companies yields even more interesting comparison. There is no significant variation in the amount of fees paid by Fortune 100 companies to auditors before and after the implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley. In the period between 2000 and 2002, all the fees paid by Fortune 100 companies to auditors (in millions), except the financial information systems fees take an upward trend. The audits fees increase by $1.0 while the audit-related fees and the tax fees increased by $1.9 and $3.4 respectively. As in the case General Electric, after the implementation of the Sarbanes-Oxley, the figures still increased (amazon.com). The increase here is more uniform and consistent unlike the case of General Electric. The audit fees

Expository research paper Essay Example for Free

Expository research paper Essay Minority students have been discriminated against for a very long time; many people think that minorities don’t have the same opportunities as others, but in reality they have many advantages. Minority students have opportunities to get into good colleges and getting more scholarships than other non-minority students. Colleges look for the obvious things like grades, and extracurricular activities and all those things but what most really want is to have diversity in the college and therefore colleges need minority students. Colleges read students’ applications thoroughly, so colleges’ look for stuff that sticks out, stuff that makes a student different than the rest one thing that might sticks out is race. In the article is says, â€Å"An applicants final determination of what to say about race is often made consultation with a college counselor. Many counselors may convey to families that a multiracial applicant has a better chance of being admitted to a highly selective college than those in any other racial or ethnic category. †(Saulny). This tells how a multiracial student may have a better chance of getting into a good college than those in other racial or ethnic categories. â€Å"Many private scholarships are geared toward minorities because they are looking for something in particular†(Borowski). The author talks about how private colleges seek at minorities, which tells that they consider race are when choosing students. Molina 2 Scholarships are used to help students get into college, but some scholarships are targeted to specific students, most likely minority students. This also could equal disadvantages to non-minority students. In this article the author says, â€Å"Some private scholarships are based on a students characteristics such as race, ethnicity, and religion, and some are based on professional affiliations or future career choices†(Borowski). Private scholarships look for very specific things in students which show how much of a disadvantage some students have in. The article talks about one student’s problem, â€Å"As Johnson found, private scholarships can extremely selective. â€Å"When I research all the grants and scholarships out there, they are all really specific, targeted towards everyone but me, he says, Are you a Pacific islander who plays tuba? There is a scholarship for you. Or a woman from an inner city who works with animals? There’s a grant for you. But a hard working boy from the suburbs? Nothing. †(Borowski). The author shows how very specific scholarships can be and how they affect other people who do not fit the description of what that scholarship wants. Another reason why minorities have an advantage is because of stereotypes even if it doesn’t apply to that student. In an article a student says, â€Å"I just realized that my race is something I have to think about,† she describes herself as having an Asian mother and a black father. â€Å"It pains me to say this, but putting down black might help admission. †(Saulny). This states how putting down a specific race might better or worsen someone’s chances depending on that particular race. A mother states, â€Å"My 17 year old son is a high B student and an excellent athlete, but we’ve been unable to find any scholarships for him because he’s white. † Elizabeth says, Johnson also says â€Å"We aren’t wealthy. We don’t take on fancy vacations and we do without a lot of things. Yet because I’m white, I don’t get a hand. There are all kinds or nationalities at Molina 3 my high school, whose families have a lot more money than we have, and yet they are getting scholarships. †(Saulny). This tells how stereotypes can give minority students an advantage by colleges stereotyping and giving help to those who don’t really need it instead of to the ones that do. Minority students also think that it is a disadvantage being a minority but in reality it can be an advantage against non-minority students. Minority students are what colleges look for. There are scholarships targeted towards minorities, and due to stereotypes there are advantages. These affect more than just minority students, it basically affects everyone because being a non-minority is at a disadvantage of getting a scholarship or getting into a good college. In today’s society someone’s race could affect their future. Saulny, Susan, and Jacques Steinberg. On College Forms, a Question of Race, or Races, Can Perplex. New York Times 13 June 2011: n. pag. The New York Times. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www. nytimes. com/2011/06/14/us/ 14admissions. html? pagewanted=all_r=2. Borowski, Susan. Scholarships and the White Male: Disadvantaged or Not? Insight into Diversity. N. p. , n. d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014. http://www. insightintodiversity. com/ scholarships-and-the-white-male-disadvantaged-or-not-by-susan-borowski.

Essay --

My initial inspiration for this piece was Trifles, which funnily enough only shares the characteristic of detectives being involved within the plot. As per suggestion on my proposal, I developed my idea of detectives solving a case further by including dialogue and inter-personnel relationships similar to those found in Glengarry Glen Ross. Taking the idea of different members of the real-estate office discussing work and plotting in Glengarry Glen Ross, and applying them to a trio of detectives on a case was interesting to say the least. Upon first thinking of what I wanted to get across, I knew that some form of conspiracy was going to be present. This was done in the revelation at the end that Chris actually was working with their chief to kill off a few of the members on the force. The solving of the murders would look good for the precinct and as an added incentive Chris would get a raise. In hindsight, there is a possible allusion to the plot point in Glengarry where Moss conspires to steal the leads from the office (or at least get someone to do it). I initially based the fo...

Scope of Managerial Economics Essay

Economics has two major branches namely Microeconomics and Macroeconomics and both are applied to business analysis and decision-making directly or indirectly. Managerial economics comprises all those economic concepts, theories, and tools of analysis which can be used to analyze the business environment and to find solutions to practical business problems. In other words, managerial economics is applied economics The areas of business issues to which economic theories can be applied may be broadly divided into the following two categories: †¢Operational or Internal issues; and †¢ Environmental or External issues Micro Economics Applied to Operational Issues Operational problems are of internal nature. They arise within the business organization and fall within the perview and control of the management. Some of the important ones are: †¢ Choice of business and nature of product, i.e., what to produce; †¢ Choice of the size of the firm, i.e., how much to produce; †¢ Choice of technology, i.e., choosing the factor combination; †¢ Choice of price, i.e. ,how to price the commodity; †¢ How to promote sales, i.e., sales promotion measures; †¢ How to face price competition; †¢ How to decide on new investment; †¢ How to manage profit and capital; †¢ How to manage inventory, i.e., stock of both finished goods and raw material The above mentioned issues fall within the ambit of micro economics; therefore, the following constitute the scope of managerial economics: Theory of demand †¢ Consumer behaviour- maximization of satisfaction †¢ Utility analysis †¢ Indifference curve analysis †¢ Demand analysis and elasticity of demand †¢ Demand forecasting and its techniques/methods Theory of production and production decisions †¢ Production function [Inputs and output relationship] in short-run and long-run †¢ Cost and output relationship in short-run and long-run †¢ Economies and diseconomies of scale 7 †¢ Optimum size of firm and determining the size of firm. †¢ Deployment of resources [labour and capital] for having optimum combination of factors of production. Analysis of market structure and pricing theory †¢ Determination of price under different market conditions †¢ Price discrimination †¢ Multiple pricing policy †¢ Advertising in competitive markets †¢ Different pricing policies and practices Profit analysis and profit management †¢ Nature and types of profit †¢ Profit planning and policies †¢ Different theories of profit Theory of capital and investment decisions †¢ Cost of capital and return on capital-choice of investment projects †¢ Assessing the efficiency of capital †¢ Most efficient allocation of capital †¢ Capital budgeting Macro Economics Applied to Business Environment Environmental issues relate to general environment in which business operates. They are related to overall economic, social and political environment of the country. The following are the main ingredients of economic environment of a country : †¢ The type of economic system- capitalist, socialist or mixed economic system. †¢ General trends in production, employment, income, prices, saving and investment. †¢ Volume, composition and direction of foreign trade. †¢ Structure of and trends in the working of financial institutions- Banks, NBFCs, insurance companies an other financial institutions. †¢ Trends in labour and capital market. †¢ Economic policies of the government- Fiscal policy, Monetary policy, EXIM- policy, Industrial policy, Price policy etc. †¢ Social factors- value system, property rights, customs and habits. †¢ Social organizations- Trade unions, consumer unions and consumer co-operatives and producers unions. †¢ Political environment is constituted of the following factors: †¢ Political system-democratic, socialist, communist, authoritarian or any other type. †¢ State’s attitude towards private sector †¢ Policy, role and working of public sector †¢ Political stability. †¢ The degree of openness of the economy and the influence of MNCs on domestic markets- Integrations of nation’s economy with rest of the world (Policy of globalization) 8 The environmental factors have a far reaching influence on the functioning and performance of firm/s. Therefore, business managers have to consider the changing economic, social and political environment before taking any decision. Managerial economics is however, concerned with only the economic environment and in particular with those which form the business climate. The study of social and political factors falls out of the perview of managerial economics. It should, however, be borne in mind that economic, social and political factors are inter-dependent and interactive. The environmental issues mentioned above fall within fourwalls of macro economics, therefore the following constitute the scope of managerial economics: Issues related to Macro Variables †¢ General trends in economic activities of the country †¢ Investment climate †¢ Trends in output †¢ Trends in price – level (state of inflation) †¢ Consumption level and its pattern †¢ Profitability in business expansion Issues related to Foreign Trade †¢ Trade relation with other countries †¢ Sector and firms dealing in exports and imports †¢ Exchange rate fluctuations †¢ Inflow and outflow of capital †¢ Trends in international trade- volume, composition, and direction †¢ Trends in international prices of various goods and services †¢ International monetary mechanism †¢ Rules, regulations and policies of WTO Issues related to Government Policies †¢ Regulation and control of economic activities of private sector business enterprises †¢ Enforcing the government rules and regulations for imposing of social responsibility †¢ Striking balance between firm’s objective of profit maximization and society’s interest †¢ Policy and regulatory measure for reducing social costs in terms of environmental pollution, congestion and slums in cities, basic amenities of life such as means of transportation and communication, water, electricity supply etc.

Operation Research Midterm

Solve the following problem graphically (Please be neat). Draw the polytope on the x-y coordinate system (can be done either by hand or computer). Show all intersection of the polytope and identify the point (x,y coordinate) where the objective function is maximized and provide that value. Maximize Z = 3Ãâ€"1 + 2Ãâ€"2 Subject to: 1Ãâ€"1 + 1Ãâ€"2 ? 10 8Ãâ€"1 + 1Ãâ€"2 ? 24 and x1, x2 ? 0 Solution : Point (a) is the origin (0,0) where Z(a) = 3*0 + 2*0 = 0Point (b) is the intersection of line 2 and X-axis (3,0) where Z(b) = 3*3 + 2*0 = 9 Point (c) is the intersection of line 1 and line 2 (2,8) where Z(c) = 3*2 + 2*8=22 . (Optimum Solution) Point (d) is the intersection of line 1 and Y-axis (0,10) where Z(d) = 3*0 + 2*10 = 20 Y X d a b c I II Problem 5. (30 Points) Work through the simplex method (in algebraic form) step by step to solve the following problem. Show all work and provide the solutions for each variable at every iteration of the simplex.Maximize z = 4Ãâ€"1 + 3Ãâ€"2 + 4Ãâ€"3 Subject to: 2Ãâ€"1 + 2Ãâ€"2 + 1Ãâ€"3 ? 20 2Ãâ€"1 + 1Ãâ€"2 + 2Ãâ€"3 ? 14 1Ãâ€"1 + 1Ãâ€"2 + 3Ãâ€"3 ? 15 and x1, x2, x3 ? 0 Solution : Problem 6. (30 Points) The Weigelt Corporation has three branch plants with excess production capacity. Fortunately, the corporation has a new product ready to begin production, and all three plants have this capability, so some of the excess capacity can be used in this way. This product can be made in three sizes–large, medium, and small–that yield a net unit profit of $420, $360, and $300, respectively.Plants 1, 2, and 3 have the excess capacity to produce 750, 900, and 450 units per day of this product, respectively, regardless of the size or combination of sizes involved. The amount of available in-process storage space also imposes a limitation on the production rates of the new product. Plants 1, 2, and 3 have 13,000, 12,000, and 5,000 square feet, respectively, of in-process storage space available for a day's pro duction of this product. Each unit of the large, medium, and small sizes produced per day requires 20, 15, and 12 square feet, respectively.Sales forecasts indicate that if available, 900, 1,200, and 750 units of the large, medium, and small sizes, respectively, would be sold per day. At each plant, some employees will need to be laid off unless most of the plant’s excess production capacity can be used to produce the new product. To avoid layoffs if possible, management has decided that the plants should use the same percentage of their excess capacity to produce the new product. Management wishes to know how much of each of the sizes should be produced by each of the plants to maximize profit. 1. Formulate a linear programming model for this problem by: A.Listing and labeling all of the decision variables. B. Creating an objective function for the model. C. List all of the constraints for the model. I want a complete model, not just an Excel sheet. 2. Solve the model using Excel ® solver or Open Office Solver. Give the value for each decision variable and the objective function.

Biblical Way Of Advancing The Kingdom Of God Religion Essay Example

Biblical Way Of Advancing The Kingdom Of God Religion Essay Example Biblical Way Of Advancing The Kingdom Of God Religion Essay Biblical Way Of Advancing The Kingdom Of God Religion Essay Introduction What is truly the scriptural manner of progressing the land of God? Are the activities that we engage in effectual for the promotion of the land? Do we fight or do we fly and make we utilize Jesus manner of doing war? I think God wants the following from us: But seek foremost the land of God and His righteousness, and all these things shall be added to you ( Matthew 6:33, LASB ) . Let us look at all the statements and make up ones mind to what degree we disagree or agree. 4.1. God s land comes to the Black Marias of work forces and non chiefly to vicinities. If the bulk of people in any given vicinity are adherents of the Lord Jesus so, in that sense, the vicinity itself can be said to be kingdom district but the claiming of existent estate is non the result, simply the consequence. Yes, I agree with this statement for the undermentioned grounds: First of all we must gain the Kingdom of God is where God regulations over us. We can state that the foundation of the Kingdom starts in our Black Marias. nor will they state, See here! or See at that place! . For so, the land of God is within you ( Luke 17:21, LASB ) . Jesus explained in the book of Acts that with His coming, the land of God was established on Earth. He besides said that when He returned to heaven, God s land would stay in the Black Marias of all trusters through the presence of the Holy Spirit. But you shall have power when the Holy Spirit has come upon you ; and you shall be informants to Me in Jerusalem, and in all Judea and Samaria, and to the terminal of the Earth ( Acts1:8, LASB ) . There is one thing we must retrieve, the land of God will non be established in entire until Jesus Christ comes once more to judge all people. We are to proclaim God s land in the universe. God keeps on regenera ting our heads, beef uping our religion and transforming our lives. 4.2. Our life on Earth is the start of infinity non the terminal of it: we are in developing for higher office and duty. The struggle with the rule of darkness is a agency of preparation and turn outing the boies of God. Decidedly, our lives on Earth are a pattern tally for what is to go on in infinity. For me this now here on Earth is a frock dry run for the existent life to come. For we know that if our earthly house, this collapsible shelter, is destroyed, we have a edifice from God, a house non made with custodies, ageless in the celestial spheres ( 2 Corinthians 5:1, LASB ) . Yes, we are in developing for higher office, although we will non inherit the land by plants. Our duty lies here and now. We have a duty to prophesy and learn the Gospel. It is besides our duty to analyze the Word of God to fix us to cognize how to make Christ s work in the universe. I charge you hence before God and the Lord Jesus Christ, who will judge the life and the dead at His looking and His land: Preach the word! ( 2 Timothy 4:1-2, LASB ) . I do non truly think we have to worry about the rule of darkness so much, because Jesus Christ already won that conflict for us and need non proof Himself once more. Our unde rtaking is to remain argus-eyed and resist immorality. Therefore submit to God. Defy the Satan and he will fly from you ( James 4:7, LASB ) . 4.3. God the Father is constructing a household of kids in the image of Jesus Christ: He is more concerned with the development of reverent character and ability than He is in district. After all, this whole stuff creative activity is destined to entire devastation so that a new creative activity can be brought into being to function as a house and garden for the household of God ( Rev 21:1 ) . How can we be perfect? In character, sanctity, adulthood and love. This is decidedly what God wants for His kids. In this life we can non be perfect, but we can draw a bead on to be every bit much like Christ as possible. We are to divide ourselves from the remainder of the universe s iniquitous nature and values. We can non accomplish godly character and holy populating all at one time, but we must turn towards adulthood and integrity. If there is no godly character, so district means nil to God. Therefore you shall be perfect, merely as your Father in Eden is perfect ( Matthew 5:48, LASB ) . Our inclination to transgress must neer deter us from endeavoring to be more like Jesus Christ. God Judgess by religion and character, non visual aspects. God merely see on the interior, merely he can accurately judge people. But the Lord said to Samuel, Do non look at his visual aspect or at his physical stature, because I have refused him. For the Lord does non see as adult male sees ; fo r adult male looks at the outward visual aspect, but the Lord looks at the bosom ( 1 Samuel 16:7, LASB ) . 4.4. There is great struggle between Satan and the Church, but this struggle should non be seen in the context of a battle for district. God is in the procedure of developing a household ; one time He has done this He will convey history, as we know it to a stopping point and Satan s period of word will come to an disconnected terminal. Satan knows this and is seeking everything in his power to forestall a successful decision to The saga of the boies of God. We know Satan is seeking everything in his power to halter the work of God. Revelation 2:8 speaks about the persecuted Church. Persecution comes from Satan, non from God. The Church need non to fear, Satan may harm our earthly organic structures, but he can make us no religious injury. The biggest hit on Satan came when Jesus Christ shed His blood for our wickednesss. Jesus Christ paid the ultimate punishment for our wickednesss. In Revelation 20:10 we read that Satan s power is non ageless, he will run into his day of reckoning someday. Satan began his evil work in world at the beginning ( Garden of Eden ) and continues it today. Know this for certain, he will be destroyed when he is thrown into the lake of fire and native sulfur. He will be released from the bottomless cavity, but he will neer be released from the lake of fire to be a menace to anyone once more. 4.5. Satan has many schemes and tactics he blinds the heads of disbelievers to the truth of the Gospel ( 2 Cor 4:3-4 ) ; he opposes the work of evangelism ( 1 Th 2:18 ) ; he snatches the truth from the heads of the deceived ( Matt 13:19 ) ; he workss disbelievers in the fold of the saints to lead on and impede ( Matt 13:24 ) , etc. We, on the other manus, are called to work with the Holy Spirit in constructing out and maturating the household of God. In order to accomplish this great committee adherents of the Lord Jesus Christ are to liberate the doomed from diabolic control ( rescue ) , portion the Gospel invitation ( evangelism ) , display the marks of the land ( mending etc. ) , and Teach land rules ( learning ) . So true, Satan is here to destruct and to kill and Jesus Christ to give life. The stealer does non come except to steal, and to kill, and to destruct. I have come that they may hold life, and that they may hold it more copiously ( John 10:10, LASB ) . Knowing that Christ s return will be sudden and unexpected, we are non to populate irresponsible, sitting and waiting making nil. Yes, travel out and do adherents. It is non an option, but a bid to all who call Jesus Lord. We are non all revivalists, but we have received gifts that we can utilize to assist carry through the Great Commission. Go hence and do adherents of all the states, baptising them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, learning them to detect all things that I have commanded you ; and lo, I am with you ever, even to the terminal of the age ( Matthew 28:19-20, LASB ) . Decision What did Jesus teach His adherents to make? Just to be loyal and to function The King. Make Jesus King of your life and worship Him as your Saviour, King and Lord and the Satan will fly everlastingly. Moltmann ( 1977:33 ) said the followers: Where God regulations He is glorified ; where He justifies He achieves what is His due ; where He brings a evildoer to repentance and liberate the laden He finds joy. Bibliography Barton B B, Beers R A and Galvin J C ( explosive detection systems ) 1996. Life Application Study Bible. Wheaton, IL: Tyndale House Publishers. Moltmann J 1977. The Church in the Power of the Spirit ( 2nd erectile dysfunction ) . St Alban s Place, London: SCM Press Ltd. Introduction What do we do of all the pathetic suggestions about the end-time? Is the Bible and Revelations non good plenty testimony for us, or need we to look at the positions of the Antichrist and the grade of the animal? Revelation 20 negotiations about a millenary, but what does that mean. When will it happen, now or subsequently? In my head I have already rejected these three eschatological ( end-time ) positions. It can non be taken earnestly plenty to believe in. Well, allow us research these three eschatological end-time positions and happen out. ASSIGNMENT 5 Critically measure these three eschatological ( end-time ) positions: ( a ) Postmillennialism, ( B ) Premillennialism and ( degree Celsius ) Amillennialism. Use each position as a header. For each position, do each of the three things below. Reason the essay by saying which position, if any, you support and why. Describe the chief tenents Measure the Scriptural support Discuss its ministry deductions Postmillennialism. Postmillennialism holds the position that the Kingdom of God is now being extended in the universe through the instruction and sermon of the Gospel ( Erickson 1996:177 ) . Postmillennialism believes the Holy Spirit work in the Black Marias of people and the universe will go portion of the Christian household, a household without wickedness ( Erickson 1996:178-179 ) . They believe Jesus Christ gave us the undertaking to salvage the universe and He will non come back until the occupation is finished ( Boettner 1977:118-119 ) . Matt 28:18-20, LASB And Jesus came and spoke to them, stating, All authorization has been given to Me in Eden and on Earth. Travel hence and do adherents of all the states, baptising them in the name of the Father and the Son and of the Holy Spirit . Rev. J. Marcellus Kik ( Boettner 1977:119 ) said: That there is still a leftover of pagan religion and papalism in the universe is chiefly the mistake of the Church. The Word of God is merely every bit powerful in our coevals as it was during the early history of the Church. The power of the Gospel is merely as strong in this century as in the yearss of the Reformation. These enemies could be wholly vanquished if the Christians of this twenty-four hours and age were vigorous, as bold, as earnest, as prayerful, and every bit faithful as Christians were in the first several centuries and in the clip of the Reformation. Postmillennialism uses Old and New Testament Scriptures to beef up their positions. They use Psalms 47, 72 and 100 ; Isaiah 45:22-25 ; Hosea 2:23 ; Matthew 24:14 and Matthew 28:18-20 ( Erickson 1996:161-162 ) . What so about Revelations? I truly think we must be governed by Revelations which spells out the terminal times and the millenary. The positive facets about Postmillennialism are the belief that the Kingdom of God is here and now. This makes people to be optimistic about life. It encourages people to maintain on instruction and prophesying the Gospel and change overing psyches. Human beings acquire negative really easy particularly when conditions get worse in the universe. Postmillennialism helps to relieve the negativeness and produce positiveness. It is great to cognize that God is more than merely the Church. God uses anybody, non merely the Church. If there is a willing psyche, so God is besides willing to be present. We should work together to widen the Kingdom of God before Jesus comes ( Erickson 1996:183-184 ) . Statisticss are looking gloomy for Christians because more and more people are either taking other faiths or merely make non believe. Can we truly so acquire to the terminals of the Earth to learn the Gospel? For me this is rather impossible because we need fishermen and adult females to make the work. Another negative point is the fact that they use merely certain Bible transitions and so merely the positive one time, the negative transitions they leave out. There are disagreements about the two Resurrections and Revelation 20. Postmillennialists do non care about it ( Erickson 1996:184 ) . Christian bookmans have got a different return on when these 1,000 old ages will take topographic point. These different positions about the Millennium need non do division and contention in the Church, because what is most important to Christianity, the fact that Jesus Christ will return. Premillennialism. Premillennialism has got two common signifiers, Historic and Dispensational premillennialism. Historic premillennialism depicts Israel to be God s people everlastingly and they will inherit God s Kingdom everlastingly. This is one of the anticipations to be fulfilled in the millenary ( Finger 1985:169 ) . They province that after the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, He will be in control over the Earth for a thousand old ages. We see that Satan will be bound and thrown in a bottomless cavity for a thousand old ages. This is done so that he can non lead on the people any longer. At this clip occurs the first Resurrection of the Saints who portion Christ s regulation over the Earth. After this Satan will be free once more to arise against God. They say the concluding war follows when Satan is thrown into a lake of fire. Then the Second Resurrection occurs of those people who had non been raised before the millenary. So if your name is non written in the book of life, you will be thrown i n a lake of fire ( Finger 1985:169 ) . Dispensational premillennialism holds two stages: They say that God has two redemptional programs, one for Israel and one for other groups. All of this will go on during the Church age. Jesus Christ will return before the trial to Earth and all Christians will be taken ( ecstasy ) with Him. God will so cover with the other groups prior to the coming of the Kingdom of God during the millenary. During the trial many people will be converted to Jesus Christ. With the Second Coming the trusters is removed and the Antichrist must confront opinion. To easy understand the above we merely necessitate to see three things here: First, to travel with Jesus is the people that believed in Him during their decease. Second, the trusters that is still alive. Third, the disbelievers will remain behind ( Finger 1985:169 ) . Ladd ( Hoyt 1977:44 ) says the followers: Disclosure 19 20 Markss the expansive flood tide of the ministry of Christ in his Second Coming. Behold, He is coming with clouds, and every oculus will see Him, even they who pierced Him. And all the folk of the Earth will mourn because of Him. Even so, Amons ( Revelation 1:7 ) . Although Jesus gave this disclosure of Himself, He neer made reference of the millenary that was to come. Can divinity truly state anything about what the millenary will be like? There is non adequate Biblical grounds for this. There are so many issues about the millenary ; about who will be saved and who non it will decidedly confound the Church and our ministry. For Jesus the existent issue is to unify all trusters ( Erickson 1996:199 ) . Premillennial learning gives the thought that Jesus will come with a retribution and force to govern the universe, but that is non true harmonizing to the Bible. John 18:36, LASB Jesus answered, My land is non of this universe. If my land were of this universe, My retainers would contend, so that I should non be delivered to the Jews ; but now My land is non from here. Premillennialism is of great value for it focuses attending on eschatology. They invariably remind the truster that no affair how detering the state of affairs is today, glorification awaits. The positive deduction of premillennialism is that it has the most consistent point of view with the actual reading of the Bible ( Erickson 1996:200-201 ) . Amillenialism. Amillenialsm believes that the Kingdom of God was already established during Pentecost. They believe in the celestial reigning of Jesus Christ at the right manus side of God, through the Bible and the Holy Spirit being practiced by Christians. Satan is already bound by Christ s triumph over him. They say Christ must now merely return for the opinion of all work forces and adult females ( Hoekema 1977:177 ) . Amillennialism and the two signifiers of Premillennialism ( historic and dispensational ) are utilizing more or less the same happenings, although amillenialism is by far the simplest. They say the Kingdom of God is non merely in the hereafter, but besides in the present. In 1 Playboies 4:19-20 we here Paul stating, But I will come to you shortly, if the Lord volitions, and I will cognize, non the word of those who are puffed up, but the power. For the land of God is non in word but in power . In Romans 14:17 Paul writes, for the land of God is non eating and imbibing, but rig hteousness and peace and joy in the Holy Spirit. Jesus and Paul speak of the Kingdom in its hereafter facet. They say if we ignore this, it is like disregarding the New Testament instructions ( Hoekema 1977:177-178 ) . With future eschatology, amillennialism gives the followers: They say that the marks of the times are non merely for the hereafter, we can see it besides now amongst people in the universe ( Hoekema 1977:181 ) . They see Christ s return as a individual event, non a seven twelvemonth period ( Hoekema 1977:182 ) . For them, there is no biblical grounds on the seven twelvemonth period, merely one twenty-four hours of opinion where all people will be judged. There are deductions of amillennialism for our ministry. The positive points are the undermentioned: History is non nonmeaningful, but meaningful. Though we are non ever able to spot between each historical event, we know what the result of history will be. Amillennialism eschatology gives us a realistic universe and life position ( Erickson 1996:191 ) . One of the major jobs we find is with the reading of Revelation 20. The amillennialists speak about two Resurrections, but is this truly so. The amillennialists say there is a spiritually every bit good as a physical Resurrection. They do non cognize how to construe the transition, literally or figuratively. They think that with every prognostication there must be a fulfillment otherwise it is delusory. For them the people of Israel are non accepted as being portion of history. The amillennialists challenge the philosophy of future bodily Resurrection ( Erickson 1996:192-194 ) . For me many amillennialists so are former postmillennialists. I do non back up any of the above positions. First of wholly, when Jesus met the Samaritan adult female at the well, He told her of the life H2O that He could provide ( John 4:10-15 ) . Jesus invites anyone to come and imbibe of the H2O of life. The Gospel is limitless. Redemption can non be earned, but God gives it freely. We do non cognize the twenty-four hours or the hr, but Jesus is coming shortly and out of the blue. This is good intelligence to those who trust Him, but a awful message for those who have rejected Him. Christ calls us to digest in our religion. Our attempts to break our universe are of import, but the consequences can non compare with the transmutation that Jesus will convey approximately when He returns. Decision Disclosure is, above all, a book of hope. Come Lord Jesus come in a universe of jobs, persecution, evil and immorality. Both the Holy Spirit and the bride, the church, extend the invitation to the universe to come to Jesus and see the joys of redemption in Christ. Jesus entirely controls human history and will re-create the Earth. God is in control and depicts when we will acquire our wages, non theological bookmans or end-time positions.

A Study On Detailed CAT Syllabus Education Essay

Verbal Ability and Reasoning: This subdivision of the trial accounts for more than half of the verbal subdivision. It is 50 Markss and comprises ‘verbal ability and concluding ‘ subdivision every bit good as ‘Reading Comprehension ‘ . About 25 to 30 Markss inquiries are on verbal ability while the staying 20 to 35 Markss will be by replying reading comprehension inquiries. The inquiries asked in the verbal subdivision can be categorized in one of the types mentioned below: Vocabulary Based Questions:Questions based on proving vocabulary of campaigners can be simple ‘synonyms-antonyms ‘ types. While on the other manus, inquiries asked in vocabulary can besides be in the signifier of fill in the space with the most suited word. It has appeared as portion of the Markss subdivision in the twelvemonth 2004 and the 2 Markss subdivision in the twelvemonth 2005. However, it is notable that the accent on vocabulary in the trial is worsening each twelvemonth and one is non required to larn the significances of words like ‘pleonasm ‘ etc. to check such inquiries in the trial. Correct Usage of English or Grammar:You will happen inquiries based on the sentence or grammar rectification in different signifiers. In these inquiries, you will be required to happen out the wrong par of the sentence or a portion of the inquiry will be underlined with 4-5 options. You need to do right pick to rectify the mistake in the sentence. To fix for these types of inquiries you need to hold a good apprehension of the BASIC of English grammar. Make equal figure of exercising on the assorted common mistakes which tend to look in the trial. Therefore, you will be able to sail through these types of inquiries in CAT. Verbal Reasoning:Questions in verbal logical thinking can be in different signifiers. However, the most common one is rearranging the jumble words of a paragraph. You might besides be asked to rephrase the paragraph. Besides, you can be provided 3 to 4 sentences and so asked to choose which sentence is fact, which one is an illation or a judgement. In brief you need to work on verbal logical thinking, contextual use, opposite word, fill ups, syllogisms, sentence rectification, acquaintance with common foreign linguistic communication words used in English, parlances, one word permutation. Again, as there is non as such fixed construction of CAT. The form tends to differ every twelvemonth. Reading Comprehension: Reading comprehension subdivision of CAT is typically of 100 Markss. This subdivision includes verbal ability and concluding subdivision, and the reading comprehension subdivision. Verbal ability subdivision carries 40 to 60 Markss inquiries while the reading comprehension subdivision carries 60 to 40 Markss. In the twelvemonth 2005, 15 out of sum of 25v inquiries in the verbal subdivisions were based on comprehension while the figure of 12 out the 25questions in the twelvemonth 2007. Questions based on ‘reading comprehension ‘ are frequently in groups for 4 to 8 inquiries. The length of these reading transition ranges from 250 words to 750 words. Here is a manner to make this subdivision successfully: Read the full transition for one time rapidly so t chapeau you are able to hold on the cardinal thought of the transition. Eradicate reply picks which are certain of non to be right. Make usage of outside cognition. Make usage of interior cognition Phosphorusassage Types in Cat:Passages t hat appear in the trial are fundamentally can be fundamentally from one of the types mentioned below: Social Science Passage:This type of transition is frequently about a societal or historical issue. Science Passage:This type of transition gives information on a scientific phenomenon like air power or home base tectonics. Business Passage:This transition includes a concern related subject like transitions on the denationalization of state-owned industries or the causes of rising prices. Entertainment Passage:This type of transition if of amusement, athleticss or leisure related. The transitions can be on Hollywood or Bollywood famous persons or other outstanding people in assorted Fieldss. Quantitative Skills: This subdivision of Cat which is immensely categorized as Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry purposes to estimate quantitative ability of a campaigner from more than 25 subjects. All of these subjects are of high school degree. Let ‘s see the subjects in different classs in this subdivision: Arithmetical:Number system and figure theory, net income and loss, involvement, velocity, clip and distance, norms, ration and proportion, mixtures and alligations, pipes and cisterns Algebra:Linear and quadratic equation, inequalities, map, substitution and combination, set theory, logarithm, binomial theorem, map, chance, patterned advances Geometry:Geometry, co-ordinate geometry, measurement, trigonometry Data Interpretation: Data reading subdivision in CAT is of 50 Markss since the twelvemonth 2001. Most of the inquiries in this subdivision are of 2, 3 or 4 Markss. Date reading subdivision in CAT frequently carries two types of inquiries: Date Interpretation:In these types of inquiries day of the month is presented in the signifier of a table/pie chart/a graph. On the footing of each presentation, the campaigner is required to reply 4 to 6 inquiries. You need to construe the format and reply the inquiries consequently as per the day of the month given in the tabular array or chart. Date Sufficiency:Every day of the month sufficiency job in CAT comprises inquiries with two statements. Here the point is that you are required to make up one’s mind whether the inquiry can be answered or non on the footing of provided information in the given statements alternatively of chew overing over the reply of he inquiry. General Knowledge: For this, you need to maintain yourself updated with current intelligence and personal businesss around the universe. You need to be informed about: Current personal businesss, outstanding corporate events, punch line of companies Books and their writers ‘ name Important quotation marks Social issues, finance, car, amusement etc. Universe records Renowned awards and awards. Science, history, geographics A Study On Detailed CAT Syllabus Education Essay Verbal Ability and Reasoning: This subdivision of the trial accounts for more than half of the verbal subdivision. It is 50 Markss and comprises ‘verbal ability and concluding ‘ subdivision every bit good as ‘Reading Comprehension ‘ . About 25 to 30 Markss inquiries are on verbal ability while the staying 20 to 35 Markss will be by replying reading comprehension inquiries. The inquiries asked in the verbal subdivision can be categorized in one of the types mentioned below: Vocabulary Based Questions:Questions based on proving vocabulary of campaigners can be simple ‘synonyms-antonyms ‘ types. While on the other manus, inquiries asked in vocabulary can besides be in the signifier of fill in the space with the most suited word. It has appeared as portion of the Markss subdivision in the twelvemonth 2004 and the 2 Markss subdivision in the twelvemonth 2005. However, it is notable that the accent on vocabulary in the trial is worsening each twelvemonth and one is non required to larn the significances of words like ‘pleonasm ‘ etc. to check such inquiries in the trial. Correct Usage of English or Grammar:You will happen inquiries based on the sentence or grammar rectification in different signifiers. In these inquiries, you will be required to happen out the wrong par of the sentence or a portion of the inquiry will be underlined with 4-5 options. You need to do right pick to rectify the mistake in the sentence. To fix for these types of inquiries you need to hold a good apprehension of the BASIC of English grammar. Make equal figure of exercising on the assorted common mistakes which tend to look in the trial. Therefore, you will be able to sail through these types of inquiries in CAT. Verbal Reasoning:Questions in verbal logical thinking can be in different signifiers. However, the most common one is rearranging the jumble words of a paragraph. You might besides be asked to rephrase the paragraph. Besides, you can be provided 3 to 4 sentences and so asked to choose which sentence is fact, which one is an illation or a judgement. In brief you need to work on verbal logical thinking, contextual use, opposite word, fill ups, syllogisms, sentence rectification, acquaintance with common foreign linguistic communication words used in English, parlances, one word permutation. Again, as there is non as such fixed construction of CAT. The form tends to differ every twelvemonth. Reading Comprehension: Reading comprehension subdivision of CAT is typically of 100 Markss. This subdivision includes verbal ability and concluding subdivision, and the reading comprehension subdivision. Verbal ability subdivision carries 40 to 60 Markss inquiries while the reading comprehension subdivision carries 60 to 40 Markss. In the twelvemonth 2005, 15 out of sum of 25v inquiries in the verbal subdivisions were based on comprehension while the figure of 12 out the 25questions in the twelvemonth 2007. Questions based on ‘reading comprehension ‘ are frequently in groups for 4 to 8 inquiries. The length of these reading transition ranges from 250 words to 750 words. Here is a manner to make this subdivision successfully: Read the full transition for one time rapidly so t chapeau you are able to hold on the cardinal thought of the transition. Eradicate reply picks which are certain of non to be right. Make usage of outside cognition. Make usage of interior cognition Phosphorusassage Types in Cat:Passages t hat appear in the trial are fundamentally can be fundamentally from one of the types mentioned below: Social Science Passage:This type of transition is frequently about a societal or historical issue. Science Passage:This type of transition gives information on a scientific phenomenon like air power or home base tectonics. Business Passage:This transition includes a concern related subject like transitions on the denationalization of state-owned industries or the causes of rising prices. Entertainment Passage:This type of transition if of amusement, athleticss or leisure related. The transitions can be on Hollywood or Bollywood famous persons or other outstanding people in assorted Fieldss. Quantitative Skills: This subdivision of Cat which is immensely categorized as Arithmetic, Algebra and Geometry purposes to estimate quantitative ability of a campaigner from more than 25 subjects. All of these subjects are of high school degree. Let ‘s see the subjects in different classs in this subdivision: Arithmetical:Number system and figure theory, net income and loss, involvement, velocity, clip and distance, norms, ration and proportion, mixtures and alligations, pipes and cisterns Algebra:Linear and quadratic equation, inequalities, map, substitution and combination, set theory, logarithm, binomial theorem, map, chance, patterned advances Geometry:Geometry, co-ordinate geometry, measurement, trigonometry Data Interpretation: Data reading subdivision in CAT is of 50 Markss since the twelvemonth 2001. Most of the inquiries in this subdivision are of 2, 3 or 4 Markss. Date reading subdivision in CAT frequently carries two types of inquiries: Date Interpretation:In these types of inquiries day of the month is presented in the signifier of a table/pie chart/a graph. On the footing of each presentation, the campaigner is required to reply 4 to 6 inquiries. You need to construe the format and reply the inquiries consequently as per the day of the month given in the tabular array or chart. Date Sufficiency:Every day of the month sufficiency job in CAT comprises inquiries with two statements. Here the point is that you are required to make up one’s mind whether the inquiry can be answered or non on the footing of provided information in the given statements alternatively of chew overing over the reply of he inquiry. General Knowledge: For this, you need to maintain yourself updated with current intelligence and personal businesss around the universe. You need to be informed about: Current personal businesss, outstanding corporate events, punch line of companies Books and their writers ‘ name Important quotation marks Social issues, finance, car, amusement etc. Universe records Renowned awards and awards. Science, history, geographics